{"id":10341,"date":"2018-02-17T11:30:50","date_gmt":"2018-02-17T06:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10341"},"modified":"2019-02-02T18:35:32","modified_gmt":"2019-02-02T13:05:32","slug":"water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Water_oceans_class_11_Notes_Geography\" >Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Class_9_Revision_Notes_Economics\" >CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Economics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#STUDY_THE_GIVEN_TABLE_SHOWING_THE_WATER_COMPOSITION_ON_THE_EARTH_SURFACE_AND_ANSWER_THE_FOLLOWING_QUESTIONS\" >STUDY THE GIVEN TABLE SHOWING THE WATER COMPOSITION ON THE EARTH | SURFACE AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Continental_Shelf\" >Continental Shelf<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Continental_Slope\" >Continental Slope<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Deep_Sea_Plain\" >Deep Sea Plain<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Oceanic_Deeps_or_Trenches\" >Oceanic Deeps or Trenches<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Mid-Oceanic_Ridges\" >Mid-Oceanic Ridges<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Seamount\" >Seamount<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Guyots\" >Guyots<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Atoll\" >Atoll<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#TEMPERATURE_OF_OCEAN_WATERS\" >TEMPERATURE OF OCEAN WATERS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#SALINITY_OF_OCEAN_WATERS\" >SALINITY OF OCEAN WATERS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Factors_affecting_ocean_salinity_are_mentioned_below\" >Factors affecting ocean salinity are mentioned below:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#HORIZONTAL_DISTRIBUTION_OF_SALINITY\" >HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#Vertical_Distribution_of_Salinity\" >Vertical Distribution of Salinity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes on Chapter 13 Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_oceans_class_11_Notes_Geography\"><\/span><strong>Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for Chapter 13 Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\u00a0in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography and score high in exams. These are the Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. RevisiDownload CBSE Class 11th revision notes for Chapter 13 Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\u00a0in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography and score high in exams. These are the Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_9_Revision_Notes_Economics\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Economics<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This unit deals with<br \/>\n\u2022 Hydrological Cycle<br \/>\n\u2022 Oceans \u2014 submarine relief; distribution of temperature and salinity; movements of ocean water-waves, tides and currents<br \/>\n<em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 1\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image001.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"329\" height=\"269\" \/><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The earth, fortunately, has an abundant supply of water on its surface. Hence, our planet is called the \u2018Blue Planet\u2019.<br \/>\nHYDROLOGICAL CYCLE The hydrological cycle, is the circulation of water within the earth\u2019s hydrosphere in different forms i.e. the liquid, solid and the gaseous phases. It also refers to the continuous exchange of water between the oceans,<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"STUDY_THE_GIVEN_TABLE_SHOWING_THE_WATER_COMPOSITION_ON_THE_EARTH_SURFACE_AND_ANSWER_THE_FOLLOWING_QUESTIONS\"><\/span><strong>STUDY THE GIVEN TABLE SHOWING THE WATER COMPOSITION ON THE EARTH | SURFACE AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. What is the % of water in the oceans?<br \/>\n2. Which component of the earth consists of least percentage of water content?<br \/>\n3. what is the main use of soil moisture?<br \/>\nTable 13.1: Water on the Earth\u2019s surface<\/p>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Reservoir<\/td>\n<td>Volume (Million cubic ion)<\/td>\n<td>Percentage of the Total<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oceans<br \/>\nIce Caps And Glaciers<br \/>\nGroundwater<br \/>\nLakes<br \/>\nSoil moisture<br \/>\nAtmosphere<br \/>\nStreams And rivers<br \/>\nBiosphere<\/td>\n<td>1.370<br \/>\n29<br \/>\n9.5<br \/>\n0.125<br \/>\n0.065<br \/>\n0.013<br \/>\n0.0017<br \/>\n0.00006<\/td>\n<td>97.25<br \/>\n2.05<br \/>\n0.68<br \/>\n0.01<br \/>\n0.005<br \/>\n0.001<br \/>\n0.0001<br \/>\n0.00004<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Table 13.2: Components and Processes of the Water Cycle<\/p>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Component<\/td>\n<td>Processes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Water storage in oceans<\/td>\n<td>Evaporation<br \/>\nEvapotranspiration<br \/>\nSublimation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Water in the atmosphere<\/td>\n<td>Condensation<br \/>\nPrecipitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Water storage in ice and snow<\/td>\n<td>Snowmelt runoff to streams<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Surface runoff<\/td>\n<td>Stream flow fresh water storage infilitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Groundwater storage<\/td>\n<td>Groundwater discharge springs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Study above table and answer the questions that fallow<br \/>\n1. What do you mean by evapotranspiration?<br \/>\n2. What are the different forms of water in the atmosphere?<br \/>\nThe above table shows the distribution of water on the surface of the earth. About 71 percent of the planetary water is found in the oceans. The remaining is held as freshwater in glaciers and icecaps, groundwater sources, lakes, soil moisture, atmosphere, streams and within life. Nearly 59 percent of the water that falls on land returns to the atmosphere through evaporation from over the oceans as well as from other places. The remainder runs-off on the surface, infiltrates into the ground or a part of it becomes glacier. It is to be noted that the renewable water on the earth is constant while the demand is increasing tremendously. This leads to water crisis in different parts of the world \u2014 spatially and temporally. The pollution of river waters has further aggravated the crisis. How can you intervene in improving the water quality and augmenting the available quantity of water?<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELIEF OF THE OCEAN FLOOR<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 2\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image002.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"517\" height=\"348\" \/><br \/>\nDivisions of the Ocean Floors<br \/>\nThe ocean floors can be divided into four major divisions:<br \/>\n1) The Continental Shelf;<br \/>\n2) The Continental Slope;<br \/>\n3) The Deep Sea Plain;<br \/>\n4) The Oceanic Deeps.<br \/>\nBesides, these divisions<br \/>\n<strong>There are also major and minor relief features in the ocean floors like ridges, hills, seamounts, guyots, trenches, canyons, etc<\/strong><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Shelf\"><\/span><strong>Continental Shelf<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. The continental shelf is the extended margin of each continent occupied by relatively shallow seas and gulfs.<br \/>\n2. It is the shallowest part of the ocean showing an average gradient of 1\u00b0 or even less.<br \/>\n3. The shelf typically ends at a very steep slope, called the shelf break.<br \/>\n4. The width of the continental shelves vary from one ocean to another.<br \/>\n5. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km.<br \/>\n6. The shelves are almost absent or very narrow along some of the margins like the coasts of Chile, the west coast of Sumatra, etc.<br \/>\n7. On the contrary, the Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean, the largest in the world, stretches to 1,500 km in width.<br \/>\n8. The depth of the shelves also varies. It may be as shallow as 30 m in some areas while in some areas it is as deep as 600 m.<br \/>\n9. The continental shelves are covered with variable thicknesses of sediments brought down by rivers, glaciers, wind, from the land and distributed by waves and currents. 10. Massive sedimentary deposits received over a long time by the continental shelves, become the source of fossil fuels.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Continental_Slope\"><\/span><strong>Continental Slope<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. The continental slope connects the continental shelf and the ocean basins.<br \/>\n2. It begins where the bottom of the continental shelf sharply drops off into a steep slope.<br \/>\n3. The gradient of the slope region varies between 2-5\u00b0.<br \/>\n4. The depth of the slope region varies between 200 and 3,000 m.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deep_Sea_Plain\"><\/span><strong>Deep Sea Plain<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. Deep sea plains are gently sloping areas of the ocean basins.<br \/>\n2. These are the flattest and smoothest regions of the world.<br \/>\n3. The depths vary between 3,000 and 6,000 m.<br \/>\n4. These plains are covered with fine-grained sediments like clay and silt.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oceanic_Deeps_or_Trenches\"><\/span><strong>Oceanic Deeps or Trenches<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. These areas are the deepest parts of the oceans.<br \/>\n2. The trenches are relatively steep-sided, narrow basins.<br \/>\n3. They are some 3-5 km deeper than the surrounding ocean floor.<br \/>\n4. They occur at the bases of continental slopes and along island arcs and are associated with active volcanoes and strong earthquakes.<br \/>\n5. That is why they are very significant in the study of plate movements.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 3\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image003.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"269\" height=\"185\" \/><br \/>\n6. As many as 57 deeps have been explored so far; of which 32 are in the Pacific Ocean; 19 in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 4\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image004.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"245\" height=\"48\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mid-Oceanic_Ridges\"><\/span><strong>Mid-Oceanic Ridges<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 5\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image005.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"499\" height=\"191\" \/><br \/>\n1. A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression.<br \/>\n2. The mountain ranges can have peaks as high as 2,500 m and some even reach above the ocean\u2019s surface.<br \/>\n3. Iceland, a part of the mid Atlantic Ridge, is an example.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Seamount\"><\/span><strong>Seamount<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 6\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image006.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"231\" height=\"142\" \/><br \/>\nIt is a mountain with pointed summits, rising from the seafloor that does not reach the surface of the ocean. Seamounts are volcanic in origin. These can be 3,000-4,500 m tall. The Emperor seamount, an extension of the I Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean, is a good example.<br \/>\nSubmarine Canyons These are deep valleys, some comparable to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado river. They are sometimes found cutting across the continental shelves and slopes, often extending from the mouths of large rivers. The Hudson Canyon is the best-known submarine canyon in the world<strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Guyots\"><\/span><strong>Guyots<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>It is a flat-topped seamount. They show evidences of gradual subsidence through stages to become flat-topped submerged mountains. It is estimated that more than 10,000 seamounts and guyots exist in the Pacific Ocean alone.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 7\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image007.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"478\" height=\"199\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Atoll\"><\/span><strong>Atoll<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>These are low islands found in the tropical oceans consisting of coral reefs surrounding a central depression. It may be a part of the sea (lagoon), or sometimes form enclosing a body of fresh, brackish, or highly saline water.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 8\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"201\" height=\"158\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TEMPERATURE_OF_OCEAN_WATERS\"><\/span><strong>TEMPERATURE OF OCEAN WATERS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Ocean waters get heated up by the solar energy just as land.<br \/>\nThe process of heating and cooling of the oceanic water is slower than land.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Factors Affecting Temperature Distribution ON THE OCEANS <\/strong><br \/>\nThe factors which affect the distribution of temperature of ocean water are:<br \/>\n<strong>(i) Latitude:<\/strong> the temperature of surface water decreases from the equator towards the poles because the amount of insolation decreases pole ward.<br \/>\n<strong>(ii) Unequal distribution of land and water<\/strong>: the oceans in the northern hemisphere receive more heat due to their contact with larger extent of land than the oceans in the southern hemisphere.<br \/>\n<strong>(iii) Prevailing wind<\/strong>: the winds blowing from the land towards the oceans drive warm surface water away form the coast resulting in the upwelling of cold water from below. It results into the longitudinal variation in the temperature. Contrary to this, the onshore winds pile up warm water near the coast and this raises the temperature.<br \/>\n<strong>(iv) Ocean currents<\/strong>: warm ocean currents raise the temperature in cold areas while the cold currents decrease the temperature in warm ocean areas. Gulf stream (warm current) raises the temperature near the eastern coast of North America and the West Coast of Europe while the Labrador current (cold current) lowers the temperature near the north-east coast of North America.<br \/>\n<strong>(v) Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature<\/strong><br \/>\nThe temperature-depth profile for the ocean water shows how the temperature decreases with the increasing depth. The profile shows a boundary region between the surface waters of the ocean and the deeper layers. The boundary usually begins around 100 &#8211; 400 m below the sea surface and extends several hundred of metres downward. This boundary region, from where there is a rapid decrease of temperature, is called the thermocline.<br \/>\nAbout 90 percent of the total volume of water is found below the thermocline in the deep ocean.<br \/>\nIn this zone, temperatures approach 0\u00b0 C. The temperature structure of oceans over middle and low latitudes can be described as a three-layer system from surface to the bottom.<br \/>\nThe first layer represents the top layer of warm oceanic water and it is about 500m thick with temperatures ranging between 20\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 C. This layer, within the tropical region, is present throughout the year but in mid -latitudes it develops only during summer.<br \/>\nThe second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterized by rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth. The thermocline is 500 -1,000 m thick.<br \/>\nThe third layer is very cold and extends up to the deep ocean floor.<br \/>\nIn the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the surface water temperatures are close to 0\u00b0 C and so the temperature change with the depth is very slight. Here, only one layer of cold water exists, which extends from surface to deep ocean floor.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"SALINITY_OF_OCEAN_WATERS\"><\/span><strong>SALINITY OF OCEAN WATERS<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Salinity is the term used to define the total structurecontent of dissolved salts in sea water It is calculated as the amount of salt (in gm) dissolved in 1,000 gm (1 kg) of seawater. It is usually expressed as parts per thousand (o\/) or ppt. Salinity is an important property of sea water. Salinity of 24.7\u00b0\/oo has been considered as the upper limit to demarcate \u2018brackish water\u2019.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Factors_affecting_ocean_salinity_are_mentioned_below\"><\/span><strong>Factors affecting ocean salinity are mentioned below:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>(i) The salinity of water in the surface layer of oceans depend mainly on evaporation and precipitation.<br \/>\n(ii) Surface salinity is greatly influenced in coastal regions by the fresh water flow from rivers, and in polar regions by the processes of freezing and thawing of ice.<br \/>\n(iii) Wind, also influences salinity of an area by transferring water to other areas.<br \/>\n(iv) The ocean currents contribute to the salinity, temperature , nd density of water are interrelated. Henc<\/p>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Highest salinity in water bodies Lane Van in Turkey (330<sup>o<\/sup>\/oo).<br \/>\nDead Sea (238<sup>o<\/sup>\/oo).<br \/>\nGreat Salt Lake (220<sup>o<\/sup>\/oo).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Any change in the temperature or density influences the salinity of water in an area.<br \/>\nTable 13.4: Dissolved salts in Sea water (gm of salt per kg of Water)<\/p>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Chlorine<br \/>\nSodium<br \/>\nSulphate<br \/>\nMagnesium<br \/>\nCalcium<br \/>\nPotassium<br \/>\nBicarbonate<br \/>\nBromine<br \/>\nBorate<br \/>\nStrontium<\/td>\n<td>18.97<br \/>\n10.47<br \/>\n2.65<br \/>\n1.28<br \/>\n0.41<br \/>\n0.38<br \/>\n0.14<br \/>\n0.06<br \/>\n0.02<br \/>\n0.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 9\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch13\/image009.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HORIZONTAL_DISTRIBUTION_OF_SALINITY\"><\/span><strong>HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The salinity for normal open ocean ranges between 33 o\/oo. and 37 o\/oo. In the land locked Red Sea, it is as high as 41 o\/00 while in the estuaries and the Arctic, the salinity fluctuates from 0 &#8211; 35 o\/oo, seasonally. In hot and dry regions, where evaporation is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to 70 o\/<br \/>\nThe salinity variation in the Pacific Ocean is mainly due to its shape and larger areal extent. Salinity decreases from 35 o\/oo on the western parts of the northern hemisphere because of the influx of melted water from the Arctic region. In the same way, after 15\u00b0 &#8211; 20\u00b0 south, it decreases to 33 &#8211; 31 o\/oo The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is around 36 0\/00 The highest salinity is recorded between 15\u00b0 and 20\u00b0 latitudes.<br \/>\nMaximum salinity (37 o\/oo.) is observed between 20\u00b0 N and 30\u00b0 N and 20\u00b0 W &#8211; 60\u00b0 W. It gradually decreases towards the north. The North Sea, in spite of its location in higher latitudes, records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift. Baltic Sea records low salinity due to influx of river waters in large quantity. The Mediterranean records higher salinity due to high evaporation.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vertical_Distribution_of_Salinity\"><\/span><strong>Vertical Distribution of Salinity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>1. Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea.<br \/>\n2. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers.<br \/>\n3. Salinity at depth is very much fixed, because there is no way that water is \u2018lost\u2019, or the salt is \u2018added.\u2019<br \/>\n4. There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans.<br \/>\n5. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water.<br \/>\n6. Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply. Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of sea water causes its density to increase. High salinity sea water, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography. CBSE quick revision note for class-11 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-physics\/1340\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-chemistry\/1356\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-mathematics\/1371\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-biology\/1388\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-accountancy\/1411\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-economics\/1423\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-business-studies\/1740\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-informatics-practices\/1874\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/india-location-class-11-notes-geography\/\">India \u2013 Location class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/structure-physiography-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Structure and Physiography class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/drainage-system-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Drainage System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Climate Vegetations and Soil class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-vegetation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Vegetation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/soils-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Soils class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geography-discipline-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geography as a Discipline class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/interior-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Interior of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/distribution-oceans-continent-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Distribution of Oceans and Continent class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geomorphic-processes-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geomorphic Processes class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/landforms-evolution-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Landforms and their Evolution class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solar-radiation-heat-balance-temperature-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/10322-2\/\">Atmospheric Circulation and Weather System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-atmosphere-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water in the Atmosphere class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\">World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/movements-ocean-water-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Movements of Ocean Water class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/life-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Life on the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biodiversity-conservation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-hazards-disasters-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Hazards and Disasters class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/origin-evolution-earth-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">Climate class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes on Chapter 13 Water oceans class &#8230; <a title=\"Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/\" aria-label=\"More on Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,456],"tags":[457,150,1541,853,426,240,920],"class_list":["post-10341","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-11","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-cbse-revision-notes","tag-geography-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes","tag-water-oceans"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Water oceans Class 11 Notes Geography | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography Chapter 11 in PDF format for free download. 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