{"id":10336,"date":"2018-02-17T11:01:56","date_gmt":"2018-02-17T05:31:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10336"},"modified":"2019-02-05T13:30:08","modified_gmt":"2019-02-05T08:00:08","slug":"world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#World_Climate_and_Climate_Change_class_11_Notes_Geography\" >World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Class_9_Revision_Notes_Geography_World_Climate_and_Climate\" >CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Geography World Climate and Climate<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#CLIMATE_CHANGE\" >CLIMATE CHANGE<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#Climate_in_the_recent_past\" >Climate in the recent past<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#Causes_of_Climate_Change\" >Causes of Climate Change<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#Global_Warming\" >Global Warming<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#Kyoto_declaration\" >Kyoto declaration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Class_11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class 11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p><strong>World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/strong> in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides \u00a0\u00a0World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes on Chapter 12\u00a0 World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"World_Climate_and_Climate_Change_class_11_Notes_Geography\"><\/span><strong>World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for Chapter 12\u00a0 World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for \u00a0\u00a0World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography and score high in exams. These are the \u00a0\u00a0World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a class=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_9_Revision_Notes_Geography_World_Climate_and_Climate\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Geography World Climate and Climate<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>This chapter deals with The world climate can be studied by organizing information and data on climate and synthesizing them in smaller units for easy understanding, description and analysis. Three broad approaches have been adopted for classifying<br \/>\nclimate. They are empirical, genetic and applied. Empirical classification is based on observed data, particularly on temperature and precipitation. Genetic classification attempts to organize climates according to their causes. Applied classification is for specific purpose.<\/p>\n<p><strong>KOEPPEN\u2019 S SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image001.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"186\" height=\"154\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Koeppen<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image002.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"478\" height=\"314\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The most widely used classification of climate is the empirical climate classification scheme developed by V. Koeppen. Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. He selected certain values of temperature and precipitation and related them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying the climates.<br \/>\nIt is an empirical classification based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation data. He introduced the use of capital and small letters to designate climatic groups and types. Although developed in 1918 and modified over a period of time, Koeppen\u2019s scheme is still popular and in use.<br \/>\nKoeppen recognized five major climatic groups, four of them are based on temperature and one on precipitation. Table 12.1 lists the climatic groups and their characteristics according to Koeppen.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The capital letters: A, C, D and E delineate humid climates and B dry climates.<\/strong><br \/>\nThe climatic groups are subdivided into types, designated by small letters, based on seasonality of precipitation and temperature characteristics.<br \/>\nThe seasons of dryness are indicated by the small letters : f, m, w and s, where f corresponds to no dry season,<br \/>\nTable 12.1: Climate Groups According to Koeppen<\/p>\n<table class=\"moble\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Group<\/td>\n<td>Characteristics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A \u2013 Tropical<\/td>\n<td>Average temperature of the coldest month is 18 C or higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B &#8211; Dry Climates<\/td>\n<td>Potential evaporation exceeds precipitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C &#8211; Warm Temperate<\/td>\n<td>The average temperature of the coldest month of the (Mid-latitude) ctimates years is higher than minus 3oC but below 18oC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D &#8211; Cold Snow Forest Climates<\/td>\n<td>The average temperature of the coldest month is minus 3\u00b0 C or below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>E &#8211; Cold Climates<\/td>\n<td>Average temperature for all months is below 10\u2019 C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H &#8211; High Land<\/td>\n<td>Cold due to elevation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>m &#8211; monsoon climate, w- winter dry season and s &#8211; summer dry season.<br \/>\nThe small letters a, b, c and d refer to the degree of severity of temperature.<br \/>\nThe B- Dry Climates are subdivided using the capital letters S for steppe or semi-arid and W for deserts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 12.2: Climate Types According to Koeppen<\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"mobile\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Group<\/td>\n<td>Type<\/td>\n<td>Letter code<\/td>\n<td>Characteristics<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A -Tropical Humid Climate<\/td>\n<td>Tropical wet<br \/>\nTropical monsoon<br \/>\nTropical wet and dry<\/td>\n<td>Af<br \/>\nAm<br \/>\nAw<\/td>\n<td>No dry season<br \/>\nMonsoonal, short dry season<br \/>\nWinter dry season<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B-dry climate<\/td>\n<td>Subtropical steppe<br \/>\nSubtropical desert<br \/>\nSubtropical steppe<br \/>\nMid-laltitude desert<\/td>\n<td>BSH<br \/>\nBWH<br \/>\nBSK<br \/>\nBWK<\/td>\n<td>Low-latitude semi arid or dry<br \/>\nLow-latitude arid or dry<br \/>\nMid-latitude arid or dry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C-Warm temperate (Mid- latitude) Climates<\/td>\n<td>Humid subtropical<br \/>\nMediterranean<br \/>\nMarine west coast<\/td>\n<td>Cfa<br \/>\nCs<br \/>\nCfb<\/td>\n<td>No dry season, warm summer<br \/>\nDry hot summer<br \/>\nNo dry season, warm and cool summer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D-cold snow forest Climate<\/td>\n<td>Humid continental<br \/>\nSubractic<\/td>\n<td>Df<br \/>\nDw<\/td>\n<td>No dry season. Severe winter<br \/>\nWinter dry and very severe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>E-cold climate<\/td>\n<td>Tundra<br \/>\nPolar ice cap<\/td>\n<td>ET<br \/>\nEF<\/td>\n<td>No true<br \/>\nPerennial ice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H-highland<\/td>\n<td>Highland<\/td>\n<td>H<\/td>\n<td>Highland with snow cover<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Group A: <\/strong>Tropical Humid Climates<br \/>\n1. Tropical humid climates exist between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.<br \/>\n2. The sun being overhead throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) make the climate hot and humid.<br \/>\n3. Annual range of temperature is very low and annual rainfall is high.<br \/>\n4. The tropical group is divided into three types, namely<br \/>\n(i) Af- Tropical wet climate;<br \/>\n(ii) Am &#8211; Tropical monsoon climate;<br \/>\n(iii) Aw- Tropical wet and dry climate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tropical Wet Climate (Af)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 1\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image003.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"259\" height=\"183\" \/><br \/>\n1. Tropical wet climate is found near the equator.<br \/>\n2. The major areas are the Amazon Basin in South America, western equatorial Africa and the islands of East Indies.<br \/>\n3. Significant amount of rainfall occurs in every month of the year as thunder showers in the afternoon.<br \/>\n4. The temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of temperature is negligible.<br \/>\n5. The maximum temperature on any day is around 30 C while the minimum temperature is around 20C.<br \/>\n6. Tropical evergreen forests with dense canopy cover and large biodiversity are found in this climate<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 2\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image004.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"253\" height=\"153\" \/><br \/>\nTropical monsoon climate (Am) is found over the Indian sub-continent, North Eastern part of south America and Northern Australia. Heavy rainfall occurs mostly in summer. Winter is dry.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tropical Wet and Dry Climate (Aw)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 3\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image005.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"262\" height=\"178\" \/><br \/>\nTropical wet and dry climate occurs north and south of Af type climate regions. It borders with dry climate on the western part of the continent and Cf or Cw on the eastern part.<br \/>\nExtensive Aw climate is found to the north and south of the Amazon forest in Brazil and adjoining parts of Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, Sudan and south of Central Africa. The annual rainfall in this climate is considerably less than that in Af and Am climate types and is variable also.<br \/>\nThe wet season is shorter and the dry season is longer with the drought being more severe.<br \/>\nTemperature is high throughout the year and diurnal ranges of temperature are the greatest in the dry season. Deciduous forest and tree- shredded grasslands occur in this climate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dry Climates: B<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 4\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image006.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\" \/><br \/>\nDry climates are characterized by very low rainfall that is not adequate for the growth of plants.<br \/>\nThese climates cover a very large area of the planet extending over large latitudes from 15 &#8211; 60 north and south of the equator.<br \/>\nAt low latitudes, from 15 &#8211; 30% they occur in the area of subtropical high where subsidence and inversion of temperature do not produce rainfall.<br \/>\nOn the western margin of the continents, adjoining the cold current, particularly over the west coast of SouthX America, they extend more equator wards and occur on the coast land. In middle latitudes, from 35 &#8211; 60 north and south of equator, they are confined to the interior of continents where maritime-humid winds do not reach and to areas often surrounded by mountains.<br \/>\nDry climates are divided into steppe or semi-arid climate (BS) and desert climate (BW).<br \/>\nThey are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15\u00b0 &#8211; 35\u00b0 and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35\u00b0 &#8211; 60\u00b0.<br \/>\nSubtropical Steppe (BSh) and Subtropical Desert (BWh) Climates Subtropical steppe (BSH) and subtropical desert (BWh) have common precipitation and temperature characteristics. Located in the transition zone between humid and dry climates, subtropical steppe receives slightly more rainfall than the desert, adequate enough for the growth of sparse grasslands.<br \/>\nThe rainfall in both the climates is highly variable.<br \/>\nThe variability in the rainfall affects the life in the steppe much more than in the desert, more often causing famine.<br \/>\nRain occurs in short intense thundershowers in deserts and is ineffective in building soil moisture.<br \/>\nFog is common in coastal deserts bordering cold currents.<br \/>\nMaximum temperature in the summer is very high.<br \/>\nThe highest shade temperature of 58\u00b0 C was recorded at Al Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922. The annual and diurnal ranges of temperature are also high.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Warm Temperate (Mid-Latitude) Climates-C<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 5\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image007.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"321\" height=\"170\" \/><br \/>\nWarm temperate (mid-latitude) climates extend from 30 &#8211; 50 of latitude mainly on the eastern and western margins of continents.<br \/>\nThese climates generally have warm summers with mild winters.<br \/>\nThey are grouped into four types:<br \/>\n(i) Humid subtropical, i.e. dry in winter and hot in summer (Cwa);<br \/>\n(ii) Mediterranean (Cs);<br \/>\n(iii) Humid subtropical, i.e. no dry season and mild winter (Cfa);<br \/>\n(iv) Marine west coast climate(Cfb).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Humid Subtropical Climate (Cwa)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 6\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"320\" height=\"133\" \/><br \/>\nHumid subtropical climate occurs pole ward of Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, mainly in North Indian plains and South China interior plains.<br \/>\nThe climate is similar to Aw climate except that the temperature in winter is warm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mediterranean Climate (Cs)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 7\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image009.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"315\" height=\"211\" \/><br \/>\nAs the name suggests, Mediterranean climate occurs around Mediterranean sea, along the west coast of continents in subtropical latitudes between 30 &#8211; 40 latitudes e.g. Central California, Central Chile, along the coast in south eastern and south western Australia.<br \/>\nThese areas come under the influence of sub tropical high in summer and westerly wind in winter. Hence, the climate is characterised by hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winter.<br \/>\nMonthly average temperature in summer is around 25 C and in winter below 10 C. The annual precipitation ranges between 3~5~<sup>r<\/sup>90~cm~<\/p>\n<p><strong>Humid Subtropical (Cfa) Climate<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 8\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image010.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"354\" height=\"142\" \/><br \/>\nHumid subtropical climate lies on the eastern parts of the continent in subtropical latitudes.<br \/>\nIn this region the air masses are generally unstable and cause rainfall throughout the year.<br \/>\nThey occur in eastern United States of America, southern and eastern China, southern Japan, northeastern Argentina, coastal south Africa and eastern coast of Australia.<br \/>\nThe annual averages of precipitation vary from 75-150 cm. Thunderstorms in summer and frontal precipitation in winter are common.<br \/>\nMean monthly temperature in summer is around 27\u00b0C, and in winter it varies from 5 -12 C. The daily range of temperature is small.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Marine West Coast Climate (Cfb)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 9\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image011.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"268\" height=\"120\" \/><br \/>\nMarine west coast climate is located poleward from the Mediterranean climate on the west coast of north the continents.<br \/>\nThe main areas are: Northwestern Europe, west coast of North America, north of California, southern Chile, southeastern Australia and New Zealand.<br \/>\nDue to marine influence, the temperature is moderate and in winter, it is warmer its latitude.<br \/>\nThe mean temperature in summer months ranges from 15\u00b0-20\u00b0C and in winter 4\u00b0-10\u00b0C. The annual and daily ranges of temperature are small. Precipitation occurs throughout the year.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Precipitation varies greatly from 50-250cm.<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 11\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image012.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"236\" height=\"129\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Cold Snow Forest Climates (D)<\/strong><br \/>\nCold snow forest climates! occur in the large ; continental area in the I northern hemisphere between 40 -70 north latitudes in Europe, j Asia and North America. Cold snow forest climates are divided into two types:<br \/>\n(i) Df- cold climate with humid winter;<br \/>\n(ii) (ii) Dw- cold climate with dry winter.<br \/>\n(iii) The severity of winter is more pronounced in higher latitudes.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 10\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image013.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"221\" height=\"94\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 12\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image014.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"358\" height=\"104\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cold Climate with Humid Winters (Df)<\/strong><br \/>\nCold climate with humid winter occurs pole ward of marine west coast climate and mid latitude steppe.<br \/>\nThe winters are cold and snowy.<br \/>\nThe frost free season is short.<br \/>\nThe annual ranges of temperature are large.<br \/>\nThe weather changes are abrupt and short. Poleward, the winters are more severe.<br \/>\nCold Climate with Dry Winters (Dew)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 13\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image015.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"294\" height=\"89\" \/><br \/>\nCold climate with dry winter occurs mainly over North eastern Asia. The development of pronounced winter anticyclone and its weakening in summer sets in monsoon like reversal of wind in this region.<br \/>\nPole ward summer temperatures are lower and winter temperatures are extremely low with many locations experiencing below freezing point temperatures for up to seven months in a year. Precipitation occurs in summer. The annual precipitation is low from 12-15 cm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>polar Climates (E)<\/strong><br \/>\nPolar climates exist poleward beyond 70\u00b0latitude.<br \/>\nPolar climates consist of two types:<br \/>\n(i) Tundra (ET); Cn| Ice Cap (EF).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tundra Climate (ET)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 14\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image016.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"171\" height=\"82\" \/><br \/>\nThe tundra climate (ET) is so called after the types of vegetation, like low growing mosses, lichens and flowering plants.<br \/>\n&#8216; This is the region of permafrost where the sub soil is permanently frozen. The short growing season and waterlogging support only low growing plants.<br \/>\nDuring summer, the tundra regions have very long duration of day light.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The ice cap climate (EF)<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 24\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image017.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"320\" height=\"173\" \/><br \/>\nThe ice climate (EF) occurs over interior Greenland and Antarctica. Even in summer, the temperature is below freezing point.<br \/>\nThis area receives very little precipitation.<br \/>\nThe snow and ice get accumulated and the mounting pressure causes the deformation of the ice sheets and they break.<br \/>\nThey move as icebergs that float in the Arctic and Antarctic waters.<br \/>\nPlateau Station Antarctica ,79\u00b0S, portray this climate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ICE CAP CLIMATE<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 15\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image018.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"268\" height=\"172\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>HIGH LATITUDE CLIMATE<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 16\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image019.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"252\" height=\"191\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Highland Climates (H)<\/strong><br \/>\nHighland climates are governed by topography. In high mountains, large changes in mean temperature occur over short distances.<br \/>\nPrecipitation types and intensity also vary spatially across high lands. There is vertical zonation of layering of climatic types with elevation in the mountain environment.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CLIMATE_CHANGE\"><\/span><strong>CLIMATE CHANGE<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The type of climate we experience now might be prevailing over the last 10,000 years with minor and occasionally wide fluctuations.<br \/>\nIndia also witnessed alternate wet and dry periods.<br \/>\nArchaeological findings show that the Rajasthan desert experienced wet and cool climate around 8,000 B.C.<br \/>\nThe period 3,0001,700 B.C. had higher rainfall. From about 2,000-1,700 B.C., this region was the centre of the Harappan civilization.<br \/>\nDry conditions since then.<br \/>\nIn the geological past, the earth was warm some 500-300 million years ago, through the Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods.<br \/>\nDuring the Pleistocene epoch, glacial and inter-glacial periods occurred, the last major peak glacial period ago.<br \/>\nThe present inter-glacial period started 10,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Climate_in_the_recent_past\"><\/span><strong>Climate in the recent past<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Variability in climate occurs all the time. The 1990s recorded the warmest temperature of the century and some of the worst floods around the world.<br \/>\nThe worst devastating drought in the Sahel region, south of the Sahara desert, from 1967-1977is one such variability.<br \/>\nDuring the 1930s, severe drought occurred in southwestern Great Plains of the United States, described as the dust bowl.<br \/>\nHistorical records of crop yield or crop failures, of floods and migration of people, tell about the effects of changing climate.<br \/>\nA number of times Europe witnessed warm, wet, cold and dry periods, the significant episodes were the warm and dry conditions in the tenth and eleventh centuries,<br \/>\nwhen the Vikings settled in Greenland. Europe witnessed \u201cLittle Ice Age\u201d from 1550 to about 1850. From about 1885-1940 world temperature showed an upward trend. After 1940, the rate of increase in temperature slowed down.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Causes_of_Climate_Change\"><\/span><strong>Causes of Climate Change<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The causes for climate change are many.<br \/>\nThey can be grouped into Astronomical 2.Terrestrial causes.<br \/>\nThe astronomical causes area.<br \/>\nA. the changes in solar output associated with sunspot activities. Sunspots are dark and cooler patches on the sun which increase and decrease in a cyclical manner. B. According to some meteorologists, when the number of sunspots increase, cooler and wetter weather and greater storminess occur.<br \/>\nC. decrease in sunspot numbers is associated with warm and drier conditions. Yet, these findings are not statistically significant.<br \/>\nD. An another astronomical theory is Millankovitch oscillations, which infer cycles in the variations in the earth\u2019s orbital characteristics around the sun, the wobbling of the earth and the changes in the earth\u2019s axial tilt.<br \/>\nE. All these alter the amount of insolation received from the sun, which in turn, might have a bearing on the climate.<br \/>\nF. Volcanism is considered as another cause for climate change. Volcanic eruption throws up lots of aerosols into the atmosphere. These aerosols remain in the atmosphere for a considerable period of time reducing the sun\u2019s radiation reaching the Earth\u2019s surface.<br \/>\nAfter the recent Pinatoba and El Cion volcanic eruptions, the average temperature of the earth fell to some extent for some years.<br \/>\nThe most important anthropogenic effect on the climate is the increasing trend in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which is likely to cause global warming.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Global_Warming\"><\/span><strong>Global Warming<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Due to the presence of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere is behaving like a greenhouse. The atmosphere also transmits the incoming solar radiation but absorbs the vast majority of long wave radiation emitted upwards by the earth\u2019s surface. The gases that absorb long wave radiation are called greenhouse gases. The processes that warm the atmosphere are often collectively referred to as the greenhouse effect.<br \/>\nThe term greenhouse is derived from the analogy to a greenhouse used in cold areas for preserving heat. A greenhouse is made up of glass. The glass which is transparent to incoming short wave solar radiation is opaque to outgoing long wave radiation. The glass, therefore, allows in more radiation and prevents the long wave radiation going outside the glass house, causing the temperature inside the glasshouse structure warmer than outside. (GHGs)<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 17\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image020.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"173\" height=\"210\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 18\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image021.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"297\" height=\"212\" \/><br \/>\nThe primary GHGs of concern today are carbondioxide (C02), and ozone(O3). Some other gases such as nitric oxide (NO)and carbon monoxide (CO) easily react with GHGs and affectWorld Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography their concentration in the atmosphere.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 19\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image022.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"132\" height=\"116\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 20\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image023.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"437\" height=\"214\" \/><br \/>\nThe effectiveness of any given GHG will depend on the magnitude of the Increase in its concentration, its life time in the atmosphere and the wavelength of radiation that it absorbs. The chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) are highly effective. Ozone which absorbs ultra violet radiation in the stratosphere is very effective in absorbing terrestrial radiation when it is present in the lower troposphere. Another important point to be noted is that the more time the GHG molecule remains in the atmosphere, the longer it will take for earth\u2019s atmospheric system to recover from any change brought about by the latter.<br \/>\nThe largest concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.<br \/>\n1. The emission of CO2 comes mainly from fossil fuel combustion (oil, gas, and coal).<br \/>\n2. Forests and oceans are the sinks for the carbon dioxide.<br \/>\n3. Forests use CO 2 in their growth.<br \/>\n4. So, deforestation<br \/>\n5. due to changes in land use, also increases the concentration of Co2<br \/>\nThe time taken for atmospheric CO2 to adjust to changes in sources to sinks is 20-50 years. It is rising at about 0.5 percent annually.<br \/>\nDoubling of concentration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> over pre-industrial level is used as an index for estimating the changes in climate in climatic models.<br \/>\nChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are products of human activity. Ozone occurs in the stratosphere where ultra-violet rays convert oxygen into ozone. Thus, ultra violet rays do not reach the earth\u2019s surface. The CFCs which drift into the stratosphere destroy the ozone. Large depletion of ozone occurs over Antarctica. The depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere is called the ozone hole.<br \/>\nThis allows the ultra violet rays to pass through the troposphere. International efforts have been initiated for reducing the emission of GHGs into the atmosphere. The most important one is the Kyoto protocol proclaimed in 1997.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 21\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch12\/image024.jpg\" alt=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" width=\"120\" height=\"94\" \/><br \/>\nThis protocol went into effect in 2005, ratified by 141 nations.<br \/>\nKyoto protocol bounds the 35 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by the year 2012 to 5 per cent less than the levels prevalent in the year 1990.<br \/>\nThe increasing trend in the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere may, in the long run, warm up the earth.<br \/>\nOnce the global warming sets in, it will be difficult to reverse it. The effect of global warming may not be uniform everywhere.<br \/>\nNevertheless, the adverse effect due to global warming will adversely affect the life supporting system.<br \/>\nRise in the sea level due to melting of glaciers and ice-caps and thermal expansion of the sea may inundate large parts of the coastal area and islands, leading to social problems.<br \/>\nThis is another cause for serious concern for the world community. Efforts have already been initiated to control the emission of GHGs and to arrest the trend towards global warming.<br \/>\nOne of the major concerns of the world today is global warming.<br \/>\nThe annual average near-surface air temperature of the world is approximately 14\u00b0C. The greatest warming of the 20th century was during the two periods, 1901 -44 and 1977-99.<br \/>\nOver each of these two periods, global temperatures rose by about 0.4\u00b0C. In between, there was a slight cooling, which was more marked in the Northern Hemisphere. The globally averaged annual mean temperature at the end of the 20th century was about 0.6\u00b0C above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The seven warmest years during the 1856-2000 were recorded in the last decade.<br \/>\nThe year 1998 was the warmest year, probably not only for the 20th century but also for the whole millennium.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kyoto_declaration\"><\/span><strong>Kyoto declaration<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>(a) Implement and\/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its<br \/>\n(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national<br \/>\n(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international environmental agreements: promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation, and reforestation:<br \/>\n(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change<br \/>\n(iv) Research on. and promotion, development and increased use of. new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies:<br \/>\n(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and<br \/>\n(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol:<br \/>\n(vii) Measures to limit and\/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector.<br \/>\n(viii) Limitation and\/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class_11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class 11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography. CBSE quick revision note for class-11 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-physics\/1340\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-chemistry\/1356\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-mathematics\/1371\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-biology\/1388\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-accountancy\/1411\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-economics\/1423\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"> Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-business-studies\/1740\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-informatics-practices\/1874\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download \u00a0\u00a0World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/india-location-class-11-notes-geography\/\">India \u2013 Location class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/structure-physiography-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Structure and Physiography class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/drainage-system-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Drainage System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Climate Vegetations and Soil class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-vegetation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Vegetation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/soils-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Soils class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geography-discipline-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geography as a Discipline class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/interior-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Interior of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/distribution-oceans-continent-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Distribution of Oceans and Continent class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geomorphic-processes-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geomorphic Processes class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/landforms-evolution-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Landforms and their Evolution class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solar-radiation-heat-balance-temperature-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/10322-2\/\">Atmospheric Circulation and Weather System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-atmosphere-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water in the Atmosphere class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/movements-ocean-water-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Movements of Ocean Water class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/life-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Life on the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biodiversity-conservation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-hazards-disasters-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Hazards and Disasters class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/origin-evolution-earth-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">Climate class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides \u00a0\u00a0World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes &#8230; <a title=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\" aria-label=\"More on World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,456],"tags":[457,150,1541,853,426,240,918],"class_list":["post-10336","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-11","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-cbse-revision-notes","tag-geography-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes","tag-world-climate-and-climate-change"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/mycbseguide_n.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"599\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"242\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@mycbseguide\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"myCBSEguide\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"20 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\"},\"headline\":\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\"},\"wordCount\":3945,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"\",\"keywords\":[\"CBSE Notes\",\"CBSE Notes and Key Points\",\"CBSE Revision Notes\",\"Geography Notes\",\"Quick Revision\",\"Quick Revision Notes\",\"World Climate and Climate Change\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Class 11\",\"Revision Notes\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\",\"name\":\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"\",\"contentUrl\":\"\",\"width\":600,\"height\":300,\"caption\":\"Notes for India - Location\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Revision Notes\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/revision-notes\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png\",\"width\":180,\"height\":180,\"caption\":\"myCBSEguide\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/\",\"http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519\",\"name\":\"myCBSEguide\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography","description":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography","og_description":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.","og_url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/","og_site_name":"myCBSEguide","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","article_published_time":"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00","og_image":[{"width":599,"height":242,"url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/mycbseguide_n.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"myCBSEguide","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@mycbseguide","twitter_site":"@mycbseguide","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"myCBSEguide","Est. reading time":"20 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/"},"author":{"name":"myCBSEguide","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519"},"headline":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography","datePublished":"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00","dateModified":"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/"},"wordCount":3945,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"","keywords":["CBSE Notes","CBSE Notes and Key Points","CBSE Revision Notes","Geography Notes","Quick Revision","Quick Revision Notes","World Climate and Climate Change"],"articleSection":["Class 11","Revision Notes"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/","name":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"","datePublished":"2018-02-17T05:31:56+00:00","dateModified":"2019-02-05T08:00:08+00:00","description":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography ch-12 in PDF format for free download. Latest chapter Wise notes for CBSE exams.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#primaryimage","url":"","contentUrl":"","width":600,"height":300,"caption":"Notes for India - Location"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Revision Notes","item":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/category\/revision-notes\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","name":"myCBSEguide","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"myCBSEguide","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/books_square.png","width":180,"height":180,"caption":"myCBSEguide"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/x.com\/mycbseguide","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mycbseguide\/","http:\/\/in.pinterest.com\/mycbseguide\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCxuqSnnygFzwJG0pwogCNEQ"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/f67796d5f5c5a468e8c680aaaad21519","name":"myCBSEguide"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10336"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10336\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24822,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10336\/revisions\/24822"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10336"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10336"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}