{"id":10296,"date":"2018-02-16T18:04:04","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T12:34:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10296"},"modified":"2018-03-17T17:04:27","modified_gmt":"2018-03-17T11:34:27","slug":"minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/","title":{"rendered":"Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Guide_Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes\" >CBSE Guide Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/#Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes_Geography\" >Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/#Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\" >Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/#Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes\" >Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/#CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography notes on Chapter 5 Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 11 Geography text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes_Geography\"><\/span><strong>Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for Chapter 5 Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography and score high in exams. These are the Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"><strong>Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>UNIT III<br \/>\nLANDFORMS<br \/>\nCHAPTER-5<br \/>\nMinerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This unit deals with Minerals, elements, characteristics of minerals such as crystal form cleavage, fracture, lustre, colour, streak, transparency, structure, hardness specific grvity, important minerals such as feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, olivine and their characteristics classification of minerals, rocks, igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks rock cycle Minerals found in the crust are in solid form where as in intrior they are in liquid form98% of the crust consist of eight elements<br \/>\n1.oxygen<br \/>\n2. Silicon<br \/>\n3. Aluminium<br \/>\n4. Iron.<br \/>\n5. Calcium<br \/>\n6. Sodium<br \/>\n7. Potassium<br \/>\n8. Magnes the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorous, manganese, sulphur carbon, nickel &amp; other elements<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 2\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image001.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nTable 5.1: The major Elements of the Earth\u2019s Crust<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Sl. No.<\/td>\n<td>Elements<\/td>\n<td>By Weight(%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1.<br \/>\n2.<br \/>\n3.<br \/>\n4.<br \/>\n5.<br \/>\n6.<br \/>\n7.<br \/>\n8.<br \/>\n9.<\/td>\n<td>Oxygen<br \/>\nSilicon<br \/>\nAluminium<br \/>\nIron<br \/>\nCalcium<br \/>\nSodium<br \/>\nPotassium<br \/>\nMagnesium<br \/>\nOthers<\/td>\n<td>46.60<br \/>\n27.72<br \/>\n8.13<br \/>\n5.00<br \/>\n3.36<br \/>\n2.83<br \/>\n2.59<br \/>\n2.09<br \/>\n1.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Many elements found in combination with other elements. These substances are called minerals<br \/>\n<strong>Mineral: <\/strong>naturally occuring inorganic substance having an orderly atomic structure and a definite chemical composition and physical properties.<br \/>\nIt is composed of two or three minerals \/single element ex. S,Cu, Ag,Au, Graphite.<br \/>\nThere are at least 2000 minerals in the crust. There are at least six mineral groups which form rocks in the crust.<br \/>\nThe basic source of all minerals is the hot magma in the interior of the earth. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are organic minerals<\/p>\n<p><strong>PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS<br \/>\n(I) EXTERNAL CRYSTAL FORM: <\/strong>lnternal arrangement of molecules-cube, octahedrons, hexagonal, prisms.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 61\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image002.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 62\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image003.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 63\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image004.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 64\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image005.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>(II) CLEAVAGE: <\/strong>Tendency to break in given direcations producing relatively plane surfaces, it may any direction<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 7\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image006.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nFRACTURE: Conchoidal fracture<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsidian\">Obsidian<\/a><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 8\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image007.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conchoidal_fracture\">Conchoidal fracture <\/a>is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mussel\"> mussel <\/a>shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flint\"> flint,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opal\"> opal <\/a>or<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsidian\"> obsidian,<\/a> but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz\"> quartz.<\/a> Sub conchoida( fracture is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved. (Note that obsidian is an igneous rock, not a mineral, but it does illustrate conchoidal fracture well.)<br \/>\n<strong>Earthy fracture<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 9\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image008.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limonite\">Limonite<\/a><br \/>\nEarthy fracture is reminiscent of freshly broken<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil\"> soU.<\/a> It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Limonite\"> limonite,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaolinite\"> kaolinite <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aluminite\">aluminite.<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Hackly fracture<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 10\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image009.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Native_copper\">Native copper<\/a><br \/>\nHackly fracture (also known as jagged fracture) is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Native_metal\">native metals <\/a>such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Native_copper\"> copper <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silver\"> silver.<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Splintery fracture<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 65\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image010.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Chrysotile<\/strong><br \/>\nSplintery fracture comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in nonfibrous minerals such as kyanite.<br \/>\n<strong>Uneven fracture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 66\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image011.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Magnetite<\/strong><br \/>\nUneven fracture is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite. The crystal breaks inan irregular manner not along the planes<br \/>\n<strong>LUSTURE:<\/strong> Adamantine lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 11\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image012.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nCut <u>diamonds<\/u><br \/>\nAdamantine minerals possess a superlative lustre, which is most notably seen in<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diamond\"> diamond<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-GRG-0\">.<sup>111<\/sup> <\/a>Such minerals are transparent or translucent, and have a high <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refractive_index\">refractive index <\/a>(of 1.9 or more)<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">.<sup>121<\/sup> <\/a>Minerals with a true adamantine lustre are uncommon, with examples being<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cerussite\"> cerussite <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zircon\"> zircon<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">.<sup>121<\/sup><\/a><br \/>\nMinerals with a lesser (but still relatively high) degree of luster are referred to as subadamantine, with some examples being<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garnet\"> garnet <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corundum\"> corundum<\/a> Dull lustre<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaolinite\">Kaolinite<\/a><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 12\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image013.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nDull (or earthy) minerals exhibit little to no luster, due to coarse granulations which scatter light in all directions, approximating a<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lambertian_reflectance\"> Lambertian reflector.<\/a> An example is<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaolinite\"> kaolinite<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-webmineral_kaolinite-2\">.<sup>m<\/sup> <\/a>A distinction is sometimes drawn between dull minerals and earthy minerals<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-3\">,<sup>141<\/sup> <\/a>with the latter being coarser, and having even less lustre.<br \/>\n<strong>Greasy lustre<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 13\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image014.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nMoss<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opal\"> opal<\/a><br \/>\nGreasy minerals resemble fat or grease. A greasy lustre often occurs in minerals containing a great abundance of microscopic inclusions, with examples including<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opal\"> opal <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordierite\"> cordierite<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">.<sup>121<\/sup> <\/a>Many minerals with a greasy lustre also feel greasy to the touch<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-GO_340-4\">.<sup>151<\/sup><\/a><br \/>\nMetallic lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 14\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image015.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrite\">Pyrite<\/a><br \/>\nMetallic (or splendant) minerals have the lustre of polished metal, and with ideal surfaces will work as a<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflective_surface\"> reflective surface.<\/a> Examples include <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galena\">Salena<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-webmineral_galena-5\"><sub>1<\/sub><sup>161<\/sup>PVrit<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-webmineral_pyrite-6\">e<sup>171<\/sup> <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetite\"> magnetite<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-webmineral_magnetite-7\">.<sup><u>[1]<\/u><\/sup>^<sup>1<\/sup><\/a><br \/>\nPearly lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 15\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image016.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscovite\">Muscovite<\/a><br \/>\nPearly minerals consist of thin transparent co-planar sheets. Light reflecting from these layers give them a lustre reminiscent of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearl\"> pearls<\/a>.<sup>[9]<\/sup> Such minerals possess perfect<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cleavage_(crystal)\"> cleavage,<\/a> with examples including <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muscovite\">muscovite <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stilbite\"> stilbite<\/a>.<sup>[9]<\/sup><br \/>\nResinous Lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 16\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image017.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amber\">Amber<\/a><br \/>\nResinous minerals have the appearance of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resin\"> resin,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chewing_gum\"> chewing gum <\/a>or (smooth surfaced) plastic. A principal example is<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amber\"> amber,<\/a> which is a form of fossilized resin.<br \/>\nSilky lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 17\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image018.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satin_spar\">Satin spar <\/a>variety of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gypsum\"> gypsum<\/a><br \/>\nSilky minerals have a parallel arrangement of extremely fine fibres<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">,<sup>[9]<\/sup> <\/a>giving them a lustre reminiscent of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silk\"> sUk.<\/a> Examples include <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asbestos\">asbestos,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulexite\"> ulexite <\/a>and the<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satin_spar\"> satin spar <\/a>variety of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gypsum\"> gypsum.<\/a> A fibrous lustre is similar, but has a coarser texture.<br \/>\nSubmetallic lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 18\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image019.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphalerite\">Sphalerite S<\/a>ubmetallic minerals have similar lustre to metal, but are duller and less reflective. A submetallic lustre often occurs in near\u00adopaque minerals with very high refractive indices<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">,<sup>[9]<\/sup> <\/a>such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sphalerite\"> sphalerite,<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinnabar\">cinnabar <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuprite\"> cuprite.<\/a><br \/>\nVitreous lustre<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 19\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image020.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz\">Quartz<\/a><br \/>\nVitreous minerals have the lustre of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass\"> glass.<\/a> (The term is derived from the Latin for glass, vitrum.) This type of lustre is one of the most commonly seen<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-rockcollector-8\">,<\/a> and occurs in transparent or translucent minerals with relatively low refractive indices<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-duda_rejl-1\">.<sup>[9]<\/sup> <\/a>Common examples include <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcite\">calcite,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz\"> quartz,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topaz\"> topaz,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beryl\"> beryl,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourmaline\"> tourmaline <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorite\"> fluorite,<\/a> among others.<br \/>\n<strong>Waxy lustre<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 20\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image021.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jade\">Jade<\/a><br \/>\nWaxy minerals have a lustre resembling<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wax\"> wax.<\/a> Examples include<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jade\"> iade<sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a> and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chalcedony\"> chalcedony<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optical phenomena Asterism<\/strong><br \/>\nSapphire<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabochon\"> cabochon<\/a><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 21\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image022.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asterism_(gemmology)\">Asterism <\/a>is the display of a star-shaped luminous area. It is seen in some<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sapphire\"> sapphires <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruby\"> rubies,<\/a> where it is caused by impurities of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rutile\">rutile<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-rock_and_gem-11\">.<sup>1121<\/sup>^ <\/a>It can also occur in<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garnet\"> garnet,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diopside\"> diopside <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinel\"> spinel.<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Aventurescence<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 22\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image023.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nAventurine<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aventurescence\"> Aventurescence <\/a>(or aventurization) is a reflectance effect like that of<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glitter\"> glitter.<\/a> It arises from minute, preferentially oriented mineral platelets within the material. These platelets are so numerous that they also influence the material&#8217;s body colour. In <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aventurine\">aventurine quartz,<\/a> chrome-bearing<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuchsite\"> fuchsite <\/a>makes for a green stone and various<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron_oxide\"> iron oxides <\/a>make for a red stone.<br \/>\n<strong>Chatoyancy<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 23\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image024.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger%27s_eye\">Tiger&#8217;s eye<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chatoyancy\">Chatoyant <\/a>minerals display luminous bands, which appear to move as the specimen is rotated. Such minerals are composed of parallel fibers (or contain fibrous voids or inclusions), which reflect light into a direction perpendicular to their orientation, thus forming narrow bands of light. The most famous examples are<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiger%27s_eye\"> tiger&#8217;s eye <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrysoberyl%23Cymophane\"> cymophane,<\/a> but the effect may also occur in other minerals such as<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beryl%23Aquamarine_and_maxixe\"> aquamarine,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonstone_(gemstone)\"> moonstone <\/a>and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourmaline\">tourmaline.<\/a><br \/>\n<strong>Colour change<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 24\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image025.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandrite\">Alexandrite<\/a><br \/>\nColor change is most commonly found in Alexandrite, a variety of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrysoberyl\">chrysoberyl <\/a>gemstones. Other gems also occur in color-change varieties, including (but not limited to)<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sapphire\"> sapphire,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garnet\"> garnet,<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spinel\"> spinel.<\/a> Alexandrite displays a color change dependent upon light, along with strong<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pleochroism\"> pleochroism.<\/a> The gem results from small scale replacement of aluminum by chromium oxide, which is responsible for alexandrite&#8217;s characteristic green to red color change. Alexandrite from the<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ural_Mountains\"> Ural Mountains <\/a>in Russia is green by daylight and red by incandescent light. Other varieties of alexandrite may be yellowish or pink in daylight and a columbine or raspberry red by incandescent light. The optimum or &#8220;ideal&#8221; color change would be fine emerald green to fine purplish red, but this is exceedingly rare. Schille<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labradorite\">r Labradorite<\/a><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 25\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image026.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nSchiller, from German for &#8220;twinkle&#8221;, is a term used to describe the metallic iridescence originating from below the surface of a stone, that occurs when light is reflected between layers of minerals. It is seen in<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moonstone_(gemstone)\"> moonstone <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labradorite\"> labradorite <\/a>and is very similar to <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adularescence\">adularescence <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aventurescence\"> aventurescence<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lustre_(mineralogy)%23cite_note-13\">.^<\/a><br \/>\nappearance of material without regard to clolour-metallic silky glossy<br \/>\n<strong>COLOUR:<\/strong> some colours determined by molecular structure ex.malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite some because of j impurities found the crystal.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 26\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image027.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>STREAK:<\/strong> colour of the ground powder of any mineral Ex. Malachit \u2013 green, fluorite \u2013 purple\/white<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 27\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image028.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>TRANSPARENCY:<\/strong> Transparency Definition: Transparency refers to the degree to which light can pass through a mineral.<br \/>\n<strong>Terminology: <\/strong>Opaque &#8211; no light can pass through the mineral;<br \/>\nTranslucent &#8211; light can pass through the mineral but is diffused so that images cannot be seen clearly;<br \/>\nTransparent- light can pass through the mineral and images can be seen clearly.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 28\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image029.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 29\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image030.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 30\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image031.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>1. Transparency -light rays pass through 2. translucent-light pass through but diffused 3.opaque- light doesnot pass through.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 31\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image032.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetite\">Magnetite<\/a><br \/>\n(III) <strong>STRUCTURE: <\/strong>particular arrangement of the individual crystals &#8211; fine medium, or coarse, coarse grained fibrous, separable divergent radiating<br \/>\nHARDNESS: as corundum. The table below shows comparison with absolute hardness measured by a <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sclerometer\">sclerometer,<\/a> with pictorial examples<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness%23cite_note-6\">.<sup>[7][8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Mohs hardness<\/td>\n<td>Mineral<\/td>\n<td>Chemical formula<\/td>\n<td>Absolute hardness<\/td>\n<td>image<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>Talc<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image033.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 67\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image034.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>Gypsum<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image035.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 68\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image036.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>Calcite<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image037.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 69\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image038.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>Fluorite<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image039.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>21<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 70\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image040.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>Apatite<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image041.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>48<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 71\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image042.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>Orthoclase Feldspar<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image043.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 72\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image044.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>Quartz<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image045.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>100<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 73\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image046.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>Topaz<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image047.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 74\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image048.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td>Corundum<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image049.gif\" \/><\/td>\n<td>400<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 75\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image050.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>diamond<\/td>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>1600<\/td>\n<td><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 76\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image051.jpg\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>(IV) Relative resistence being scratched ten minerals are selected to measure the degree of hardness from 1to 10<br \/>\n1. Talc<br \/>\n2. gypsum<br \/>\n3. calcite<br \/>\n4. fluorite<br \/>\n5. apatite<br \/>\n6. feldspar<br \/>\n7. quartz<br \/>\n8. topaz<br \/>\n9. corundum<br \/>\n10. diamond. ex. fingre nail has 2.5 hardness knife has 5.5 hardness<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 42\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image052.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>(V) SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio between the weight of a given object and the weight of an equal volume of water ; object weighed in air and then weighed in water and divide weight in an airby the difference of the two weights.<\/p>\n<p><strong>IMPORTANT MINERALS OF THE EARTH CRUST<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 43\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image053.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>FELDSPAR: <\/strong>Silicon &amp; Oxygen Are Common Elements, Sodium, Potassium Calcium Aluminium Are Found In Specific Variety. Vi The Earth Crust Consists Of Feldspar. Light ream To Salmon Pink Colour Used In Ceramics And Glass Making.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 44\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image054.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>QUARTZ: <\/strong>important component of sand granite.consists of silica, hard mineral, insoluble in water it is white ore coloruless used INRADO OR RADOR<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 45\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image055.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>YROXENE: <\/strong>consists of calcium aluminum magnesium iron silica, it forms 10% of earth crust, found in meteorites,green or black in colour<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 46\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image056.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>OLIVINE: <\/strong>Magnesium,lron, Silica are major elements,used in jewellary, greenish crystal, found inbasaltic rocdk<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 47\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image057.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>AMPHIBOLE: <\/strong>major elements. Used in asbests aluminium, calcium silica, iron magnesium are They f orm 7% of earth crust, green or black colour, used in asbestosindustry, hornblende is another form of amphibole<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 48\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image058.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>MICA: <\/strong>consists of potassium, aluminium, magnesium iron silica. Form 4% Of the earth crust. Found in basaltic rock<br \/>\nIGNEOUS ROCKS; 1. They are primary rocks 2. formed due to cooling of lava<br \/>\n3. They are two types intrusive &amp; extrusive rocks<br \/>\nExtrusive rocks have small grains because of sudden cooling intrusive rocks have bigger grains due to slow cooling4.they are hard 5. Do not contain fossils 6. Do not allow water to percolate through them 7. No layers<br \/>\n<strong>SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:<\/strong> 1. Formed Due To Sedimentation 2. Consists Of Layers 3. Contain Fossils<br \/>\n4. The Process Of Sedimentary Rock Formation Is Called Lithification 5. They Are Three Types. A. Mechanically Formed B.Chemically Formed 3. Organically Formed.<br \/>\n<strong>METAMORPHIC ROCKS:<\/strong> 1. Formed Due To Recrystalization 2.Formed Due To Pressure And Temperature 3. Very Smooth<br \/>\n4. Consists of layers sime times very preceious stones<br \/>\n<strong>Type of rock<\/strong><br \/>\nIgneous rock Sedimentary rockMetamorphic rock I<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 49\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image059.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 50\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image060.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 51\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image061.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 52\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image062.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Rocks are aggregate of one or more minerals, they may be hard or soft in varied colours, they do not have definite chemical composition.<br \/>\nPetrology is the science of rocks. Petrologist who studies the scientific methods of rocks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 53\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image063.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>ROCK CYCLE<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 60\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/geog\/ch5\/image064.jpg\" \/><br \/>\nA diagram of the rock cycle. Legend: 1 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magma\"> magma;<\/a> 2 = <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crystallization\">crystallization <\/a>(freezing of rock); 3 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Igneous_rocks\"> igneous rocks;<\/a> 4 = <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erosion\">erosion;<\/a> 5 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedimentation\"> sedimentation;<\/a> 6 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sediments\"> sediments<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedimentary_rocks\">&amp;sedimentary<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedimentary_rocks\">rocks;<\/a> 7 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tectonic_burial\"> tectonic burial <\/a>and<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metamorphism\"> metamorphism;<\/a> 8 = <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metamorphic_rocks\">metamorphic rocks;<\/a> 9 =<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melting\"> melting.<\/a><br \/>\nRock cycle is a continuous process through which old rocks are converted into new rocks. Igneous rocks are changed into metamorphicor sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks afurther change into magma<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Minerals_and_Rocks_class_11_Notes\"><\/span>Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 11 Geography PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 11 Geography \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 11 Geography<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in Geography class 11<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 11th Geography<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of Geography class 11<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography. CBSE quick revision note for class-11 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-physics\/1340\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-chemistry\/1356\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-mathematics\/1371\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-biology\/1388\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-accountancy\/1411\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-economics\/1423\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-business-studies\/1740\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-informatics-practices\/1874\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/india-location-class-11-notes-geography\/\">India \u2013 Location class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/structure-physiography-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Structure and Physiography class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/drainage-system-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Drainage System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Climate Vegetations and Soil class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-vegetation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Vegetation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/soils-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Soils class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geography-discipline-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geography as a Discipline class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/interior-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Interior of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/distribution-oceans-continent-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Distribution of Oceans and Continent class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/geomorphic-processes-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Geomorphic Processes class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/landforms-evolution-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Landforms and their Evolution class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/solar-radiation-heat-balance-temperature-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Solar Radiation, Heat Balance and Temperature class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/10322-2\/\">Atmospheric Circulation and Weather System class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-atmosphere-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water in the Atmosphere class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/world-climate-climate-change-class-11-notes-geography\/\">World Climate and Climate Change class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/water-oceans-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Water oceans class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/movements-ocean-water-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Movements of Ocean Water class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/life-earth-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Life on the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/biodiversity-conservation-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Biodiversity and Conservation class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/natural-hazards-disasters-class-11-notes-geography\/\">Natural Hazards and Disasters class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/origin-evolution-earth-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">The Origin and Evolution of the Earth class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/climate-class-11-notes-geography-2\/\">Climate class 11 Notes Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 Geography &#8230; <a title=\"Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/minerals-rocks-class-11-notes-geography\/\" aria-label=\"More on Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,456],"tags":[457,150,853,907,426,240],"class_list":["post-10296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-11","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-geography-notes","tag-minerals-and-rocks","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Minerals and Rocks class 11 Notes Geography Chapter 5 in PDF format for free download. 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