{"id":10155,"date":"2018-02-16T10:33:29","date_gmt":"2018-02-16T05:03:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10155"},"modified":"2018-03-16T14:43:04","modified_gmt":"2018-03-16T09:13:04","slug":"thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/#CBSE_Guide_Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development_class_12_Notes_History\" >CBSE Guide Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/#12_History_notes_Chapter_4_Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development\" >12 History notes Chapter 4 Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/#Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\" >Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/#Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development_class_12_Notes_History\" >Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/#CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE class 12 History Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and school based annual examinations. Class 12 History notes on chapter 4 Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development History Book 1 and Book 2 are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development_class_12_Notes_History\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 12 History text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_History_notes_Chapter_4_Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development\"><\/span><strong>12 History notes Chapter 4 Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 12th revision notes for chapter 4 Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History and score high in exams. These are the Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter 4 in minutes. Revision notes in exam days is one of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>CBSE Class 12 History<br \/>\nPart-I: CHAPTER 4<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Revision Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Key concepts in nutshell<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Buildings of Sanchi Kannakkheda are the most wonderful ancient buildings in the state of Bhopal.<\/li>\n<li>Buddhist, Jaina and Brahamanical text, monument and inscription are the some of the important historical sources of the age of C 600 BCE-600CE, which help in reconstructing Indian history.<\/li>\n<li>Many was provided by rulers of Bhopal, Shahjahan Begum and her successor Sultan Jahan Begum to preserved the ancient sites.<\/li>\n<li>The Rigveda is a collection of hymns, praise of many deities like Agni, Indra, Soma etc.<\/li>\n<li>The basic philosophy of Jainism already existed in north India even before the birth of vardhamana Mahavira.<\/li>\n<li>Tha Bhuddha was the most influential teachers of his times.<\/li>\n<li>Two traditions were including in modern Hinduism &#8211; Vaishnavism and Shaivism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>A detailed study<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>A Glimpse of Sanchi<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Nineteenth-century Europeans were very interested in the stupa at Sanchi.<\/li>\n<li>The rulers of Bhopal, Shahjehan Begum and her successor Sultan Jehan Begum, provided money for the preservation of the ancient site.<\/li>\n<li>One of the most important Buddhist centres, the discovery of Sanchi has vastly transformed our understanding of early Buddhism. Today it stands testimony to the successful restoration and preservation of a key archaeological site by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Buddhist tradition:\u00a0Sacrifices and Debates<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The mid-first millennium BCE is often regarded as a turning point in world history as\u00a0it saw the emergence of thinkers.\u00a0They tried to understand the mysteries of existence and the relationship between human beings and the cosmic order.<\/li>\n<li>This was also the time when new kingdoms and cities were developing and social and economic life was changing in a variety of ways in the Ganga valley.<\/li>\n<li>The early Vedic traditions,\u00a0religious belief and practice\u00a0were known from the <strong>Rigveda<\/strong>, compiled between c.1500 and 1000 BCE.<\/li>\n<li>Rigveda consisted of\u00a0hymns, which were chanted when sacrifices were performed, where people prayed for cattle, sons, good health, long life, etc.<\/li>\n<li>At first, sacrifices were performed collectively. Later (c. 1000 BCE-500 BCE onwards) some were performed by the heads of households for the wellbeing of the domestic unit.<\/li>\n<li>More elaborate sacrifices, such as the <strong>rajasuya <\/strong>and <strong>ashvamedha<\/strong>, were performed by chiefs and kings who depended on Brahmana priests to conduct the ritual.<\/li>\n<li>Many ideas found in the <strong>Upanishads <\/strong>(c. sixth century BCE onwards) show that people were curious about the meaning of life, the possibility of life after death and rebirth.<\/li>\n<li>Thinkers were concerned with understanding and expressing the nature of the ultimate reality.<\/li>\n<li>On the other hand, people outside the Vedic tradition\u00a0began speculating on the significance of the sacrificial tradition and questioned the existence of ultimate reality..<\/li>\n<li>Buddhist texts mention as many as 64 sects or schools of thought.<\/li>\n<li>Debates took place in the <strong>kutagarashala <\/strong>\u2013 literally, a hut with a pointed roof \u2013 or in groves where travelling mendicants halted.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mahavira <\/strong>and <strong>Buddha<\/strong>, questioned the authority of the Vedas.<\/li>\n<li>They also emphasised individual agency \u2013 suggesting that men and women could strive to attain liberation from the trials and tribulations of worldly existence.<\/li>\n<li>This was a sharp contrast to the Brahmanical position, where an individual\u2019s existence was thought to be determined by his or her birth in a specific caste or gender.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Message of Mahavira<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0philosophy of the Jainas already existed before the birth of Mahavira in the sixth century BCE.<\/li>\n<li>Vardhamana who\u00a0came to be known as Mahavira, was\u00a0preceded by 23 other teachers or <strong>tirthankaras<\/strong>, according to\u00a0Jaina tradition.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tirthankaras\u00a0<\/strong>are the teachers who guide men and women across the river of existence.<\/li>\n<li>The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life.<\/li>\n<li>The principle of <strong>ahimsa<\/strong>, emphasised within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as a whole.<\/li>\n<li>According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through <strong>karma<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world.<\/li>\n<li>Jaina monks and nuns took five vows: to abstain from killing, stealing and lying; to observe celibacy; and to abstain from possessing property.<\/li>\n<li>Gradually, Jainism spread to many parts of India.\u00a0Jaina scholars produced a wealth of literature in a variety of languages \u2013 Prakrit, Sanskrit and Tamil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Buddha &#8211; His Enlightenment &amp; Teachings<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The teachings and message of Buddha\u00a0spread across the subcontinent and beyond \u2013 through Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan, and through Sri Lanka, across the seas to Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.<\/li>\n<li>According to Buddhist traditions,\u00a0<strong>Siddhartha<\/strong>, as the Buddha was named at birth, was the son of a chief\u00a0of the Sakya clan.\u00a0He had a sheltered upbringing within the palace but he was deeply anguished when he saw an old man, a sick man and a corpse.<\/li>\n<li>He also saw a homeless mendicant, who, it seemed to him, had come to terms with old age, disease and death, and found peace.Siddhartha decided that he too would adopt the same path. He then\u00a0left the palace and set out in search of his own truth.<\/li>\n<li>He meditated for several days and finally attained enlightenment. After this he came to be known as the <strong>Buddha <\/strong>or the <strong>Enlightened One<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>For the rest of his life, he taught <strong>dhamma <\/strong>or the path of righteous living.<\/li>\n<li><strong>His teachings:\u00a0<\/strong>The Buddha\u2019s teachings have been reconstructed from stories, found mainly in the <strong>Sutta Pitaka.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Some stories describe his miraculous powers, others suggest that the Buddha tried to convince people through reason and persuasion rather than through displays of supernatural power..<\/li>\n<li>According to Buddhist philosophy, the world is <strong>transient <\/strong>(anicca) and constantly changing; it is also <strong>soulless <\/strong>(anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Within this transient world, <strong>sorrow <\/strong>(dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.<\/li>\n<li>It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self-indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles.<\/li>\n<li>The Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. So\u00a0he advised kings and gahapatis\u00a0to be humane and ethical.<\/li>\n<li>The Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and <strong>nirvana<\/strong>, literally the extinguishing of the ego and desire \u2013 and thus end the cycle of suffering for those who renounced the world.<\/li>\n<li>Buddha&#8217;s last words to his followers were:\u00a0\u201cBe lamps unto yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong>His Followers: <\/strong>As\u00a0the\u00a0 number of disciples of the Buddha increased and he founded a sangha, an organisation of monks who too became teachers of dhamma<\/li>\n<li>These monks lived on alms, and so they were known as <strong>bhikkhus<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Initially, only men were allowed into the sangha, but later women also came to be admitted. The Buddha\u2019s foster mother, Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to be ordained as a bhikkhuni.<\/li>\n<li>The Buddha\u2019s followers came from many social groups. They included kings, wealthy men and gahapatis, and also humbler folk: workers, slaves and craftspeople.<\/li>\n<li>Once within the sangha, all were regarded as equal, having shed their earlier social identities on becoming bhikkhus and bhikkhunis.<\/li>\n<li>Buddhism grew rapidly\u00a0as it appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.<\/li>\n<li>The importance attached to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth\u00a0drew men and women to Buddhist teachings.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table style=\"height: 296px\" border=\"1\" width=\"829\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">Time Line 1<\/p>\n<p>Major Religious Developments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. 1500 \u2013 1000 BCE<\/td>\n<td>Early Vedic tradition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. 1000 \u2013 500 CBE<\/td>\n<td>Later Vedic traditions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. sixth century BCE<\/td>\n<td>Early Upanishads; Jainism, Buddhism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. third century BCE<\/td>\n<td>First stupas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. Second century<\/td>\n<td>Development of Mahayana Buddhism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism and goddess cults<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>c. third century CE<\/td>\n<td>Earliest temples<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Stupas<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>In Buddhist ideas and practices, people tended to regard certain places as sacred. These included sites with special trees or unique rocks, or sites of awe-inspiring natural beauty. These sites, with small shrines attached to them, were sometimes described as <strong>chaityas.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Buddhist literature mentions several chaityas. It also describes places associated with the\u00a0Buddha\u2019s life \u2013 where he was born (<strong>Lumbini<\/strong>), where he attained enlightenment <strong>(Bodh Gaya<\/strong>), where he gave his first sermon (<strong>Sarnath<\/strong>) and where he attained nirvana (<strong>Kusinagara<\/strong>). Each of these places came to be regarded as sacred.<\/li>\n<li>About 200 years after the time of the Buddha, Asoka erected a pillar at Lumbini to mark the fact that he had visited the place.<\/li>\n<li>Besides, there were some places where relics of the Buddha such as his bodily remains or objects used by him were buried there. These were mounds known as <strong>stupas.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>According to a Buddhist text known as the <strong>Ashokavadana<\/strong>, Asoka distributed portions of the Buddha\u2019s relics to every important town and ordered the construction of stupas over them.<\/li>\n<li>By the second century BCE a number of stupas, including those at <strong>Bharhut<\/strong>, <strong>Sanchi <\/strong>and <strong>Sarnath<\/strong>\u00a0had been built.<\/li>\n<li>Inscriptions found on the railings and pillars of stupas record donations made for building and decorating them.\u00a0Bhikkhus and bhikkhunis also contributed towards building these monuments.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>stupa <\/strong>(a Sanskrit word meaning a heap) originated as a simple semi-circular mound of earth, later called <strong>anda<\/strong>. Gradually, it evolved into a more complex structure, balancing round and square shapes. Above the anda was the <strong>harmika<\/strong>, a balcony-like structure that represented the abode of the gods.<\/li>\n<li>Arising from the harmika was a mast called the <strong>yashti<\/strong>, often surmounted by a <strong>chhatri <\/strong>or umbrella. Around the mound was a railing, separating the sacred space from the secular world.<\/li>\n<li>The early stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut were plain except for the stone railings.\u00a0Later, the mound of the stupas came to be elaborately carved with niches and sculptures as at <strong>Amaravati<\/strong>, and Shahji-ki-Dheri in Peshawar (Pakistan).<\/li>\n<li>Each stupa has a history of its own. Sculptures of stupas were removed from stupas and transported all the way to Europe.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sculpture<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The Buddhist\u00a0sculptures were beautiful and valuable. The\u00a0sculpture in Sanchi seems to depict a\u00a0scene from the story of\u00a0Vessantara Jataka.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Symbols<\/strong>: Many early sculptors did not show the Buddha in human form \u2013 instead, they showed his presence through symbols. The <strong>empty seat<\/strong>\u00a0was meant to indicate the <strong>meditation <\/strong>of the Buddha, and the <strong>stupa\u00a0<\/strong>was meant to represent the <strong>mahaparinirvana<\/strong>. Another frequently used symbol was the <strong>wheel<\/strong>.\u00a0This stood for the<strong> first sermon<\/strong> of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Popular traditions:\u00a0 <\/strong>A sculpture of a beautiful women swinging from the edge of the gateway, holding onto a tree was the representation of\u00a0shalabhanjika.<\/li>\n<li>According to popular belief, <strong>shalabhanjika<\/strong> was a woman whose touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. It is likely that this was regarded as an auspicious symbol and integrated into the decoration of the stupa.<\/li>\n<li>The shalabhanjika motif on most of the Buddhist sculptures suggests that many people who turned to Buddhism enriched it with their own pre-Buddhist and even non-Buddhist beliefs, practices and ideas.<\/li>\n<li>There are other motifs as well. Some of the finest depictions of animals are found there. These animals include elephants, horses, monkeys and cattle. While the <strong>Jatakas <\/strong>contain several animal stories that are depicted at Sanchi, it is likely that many of these animals were carved to create lively scenes to draw viewers.<\/li>\n<li>Animals were often used as symbols of human attributes. Elephants, for example, were depicted to signify strength and wisdom.<\/li>\n<li>Another motif is that of a woman surrounded by lotuses and elephants, which seem to be sprinkling water on her as if performing an abhisheka or consecration.<\/li>\n<li>The serpent motif is also found on several pillars.\u00a0One of the earliest modern art historians,<strong> James Fergusson<\/strong>, considered Sanchi to be a centre of tree and serpent worship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>New Religious Traditions<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Early Buddhist teachings had given great importance to self-effort in achieving nirvana.\u00a0Buddha was regarded as a human being who attained enlightenment and nirvana. Gradually the idea of a saviour emerged.<\/li>\n<li>Simultaneously, the concept of the <strong>Bodhisatta <\/strong>also developed. Bodhisattas were perceived as deeply compassionate beings who accumulated merit through their efforts but used this not to attain nirvana and thereby abandon the world, but to help others.\u00a0The <strong>worship of images of the Buddha and Bodhisattas <\/strong>became an important part of this tradition.<\/li>\n<li>This new way of thinking was called <strong>Mahayana <\/strong>\u2013 literally, the \u201cgreat vehicle\u201d. Those who adopted these beliefs described the older tradition as <strong>Hinayana <\/strong>or the \u201clesser vehicle\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>The notion of a saviour was not unique to Buddhism, it was also a part of Hinduism. Sects of\u00a0<strong>Vaishnavism <\/strong>and\u00a0<strong>Shaivism <\/strong> emerged in Hinduism,\u00a0in which there was growing emphasis on the worship of a chosen deity.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vaishnavism &#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>is a form of Hinduism within which Vishnu was worshipped as the principal deity\u00a0and <strong>Shaivism <\/strong>is a tradition within which Shiva was regarded as the chief god. In such worship the bond between the devotee and the god was visualised as one of love and devotion, or <strong>bhakti<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In Vaishnavism, cults developed around the various avatars or incarnations of the deity. Ten avatars were recognised within the tradition. Different avatars were popular in different parts of the country.<\/li>\n<li>Some of the avatars were represented in sculptures. For example, Shiva\u00a0was symbolised by the linga.<\/li>\n<li>All such representations depicted a complex set of ideas about the deities and their attributes through symbols.<\/li>\n<li>Much of what is contained in the Puranas evolved through interaction amongst people\u00a0who travelled from place to place sharing ideas and beliefs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Early Temples<\/strong>:\u00a0The early temple was a small square room, called the <strong>garbhagriha<\/strong>, with a single doorway for the worshipper to enter and offer worship to the image.<\/li>\n<li>Gradually, a tall structure, known as the\u00a0<strong>shikhara<\/strong>, was built over the central shrine. Temple walls were often decorated with sculpture.<\/li>\n<li>Later temples became far more elaborate \u2013 with assembly halls, huge walls and gateways, and arrangements for supplying water.<\/li>\n<li>One of the unique features of early temples was that some of these were hollowed out of huge rocks, as <strong>artificial caves<\/strong>. The tradition of building artificial caves was an old one. Some of the earliest\u00a0of these were constructed in the third century BCE on the orders of Asoka for renouncers who belonged to the Ajivika sect.<\/li>\n<li>This tradition evolved through various stages and culminated much later \u2013 in the eighth century \u2013 in the carving out of an entire temple, that of <strong>Kailashnatha <\/strong>(a name of Shiva).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reading the unfamiliar<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The European scholars were horrified by what seemed to them grotesque\u00a0figures, with multiple arms and heads or with combinations of human and animal forms (of gods and goddess).<\/li>\n<li>They compared and often found early Indian sculpture inferior to the works of Greek artists, they were very excited when they discovered images of the Buddha and Bodhisattas that were evidently based on Greek models.\u00a0These were, more often than not, found in the northwest, in cities such as Taxila and Peshawar, where Indo-Greek rulers had established kingdoms in the second century BCE. As these images were closest to the Greek statues these scholars were familiar with, they were considered to be the best examples of early Indian art.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">Time Line 2<\/p>\n<p>Landmarks in the Discovery and Preservation of Early Monuments and Sculpture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nineteenth Century<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1814<\/td>\n<td>Founding of the Indian Museum, Calcutta<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1834<\/td>\n<td>Publication of Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus by Ram Raja: Cunningham explores the stupa at sarnath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1835-1842<\/td>\n<td>James Fergusson surveys major archaeological sites<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1851<\/td>\n<td>Establishment of Government Museum, Madras<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1854<\/td>\n<td>Alexander Caunningham publishes Bhilsa Topes, one of the earliest works on Sanchi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1878<\/td>\n<td>Rajendra Lala Mitra Publishes Bhuddas Gaya:\u00a0 The Haritage of sakya Muni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1880<\/td>\n<td>H.H Cole appointed curator of Ancient Monuments<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1888<\/td>\n<td>Passing of the Treasure Trove Act, Giving the governments the right to acquire all objects of archaeological interest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Twentieth century<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1914<\/td>\n<td>John Marshall and Alfred Foucher Publish the Monuments of Sanchi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1923<\/td>\n<td>John Marshall publishes the conservation Manual<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru lays the foundation stone of the National Museum, New Delhi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1989<\/td>\n<td>Sanchi declared a World heritage site<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thinkers_Belief_and_Buildings_Culture_Development_class_12_Notes_History\"><\/span>Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 12 History PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 12 History \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 12 History<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in History class 12<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 12th History<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of History class 12<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE board exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-12_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-12 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 History, Chemistry, Math\u2019s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physics\/1251\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-chemistry\/1267\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-mathematics\/1284\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-biology\/1298\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-accountancy\/1315\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-economics\/1327\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-business-studies\/1727\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-computer-science\/1851\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-informatics-practices\/1873\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-english-core\/1855\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 English Core<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-history\/1869\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-12-physical-education\/1877\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-12 Physical Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History, sample paper for class 12 Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, History and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/bricks-breads-bones-class-12-notes-history\/\">Bricks breads and bones class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/kings-farmers-towns-class-12-notes-history\/\">Kings Farmers and Towns class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/kinship-caste-class-class-12-notes-history\/\">Kinship Caste and Class class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/\">Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/10157-2\/\">Through the eyes of Travellers class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/bhakti-sufi-traditions-class-12-notes-history\/\">Bhakti Sufi Traditions class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/imperial-capital-vijayanagara-class-12-notes-history\/\">An imperial capital Vijayanagara class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/peasant-zamindars-state-class-12-notes-history\/\">Peasant Zamindars and state class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/kings-chronicles-class-12-notes-history\/\">Kings and Chronicles class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/colonialism-countryside-class-12-notes-history\/\">Colonialism and the Countryside class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/mahatma-gandhi-nationalist-movement-class-12-notes-history\/\">Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/understanding-partition-class-12-notes-history\/\">Understanding Partition class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/framing-constitution-beginning-new-era-class-12-notes-history\/\">Framing the Constitution class 12 Notes History<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE class 12 History Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE board exams and &#8230; <a title=\"Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/thinkers-belief-buildings-culture-development-class-12-notes-history\/\" aria-label=\"More on Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48,456],"tags":[457,150,828,426,240,848],"class_list":["post-10155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-12","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-history-notes","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes","tag-thinkers-belief-and-buildings-culture-developmen"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Thinkers Belief and Buildings Culture Development class 12 Notes History ch-4 in PDF format for free download.new notes for CBSE board exams.\" 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