{"id":10012,"date":"2018-02-15T11:42:22","date_gmt":"2018-02-15T06:12:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/?p=10012"},"modified":"2018-03-17T15:15:10","modified_gmt":"2018-03-17T09:45:10","slug":"introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_76 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/#CBSE_Guide_Introduction_to_C_class_11_Notes\" >CBSE Guide \u00a0Introduction to C++ class 11 Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/#Introduction_to_CPP_class_11_Notes_Computer_Science\" >Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/#Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\" >Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-2' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/#Introduction_to_CPP_class_11_Notes\" >Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/#CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\" >CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<p>CBSE Computer Science Chapter 2 Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides \u00a0Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 Computer Science notes on Chapter 2\u00a0 Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Guide_Introduction_to_C_class_11_Notes\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Guide \u00a0Introduction to C++ class 11 Notes<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 11 Computer Science text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_to_CPP_class_11_Notes_Computer_Science\"><\/span><strong>Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Download CBSE class 11th revision notes for Chapter 2\u00a0 Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science in PDF format for free. Download revision notes for \u00a0Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science and score high in exams. These are the \u00a0Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science prepared by team of expert teachers. The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. Revising notes in exam days is on of the best tips recommended by teachers during exam days.<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Download_Revision_Notes_as_PDF\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\"><strong>Download Revision Notes as PDF<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>CBSE Class 11 Computer Science<br \/>\nRevision Notes<br \/>\nChapter &#8211; 2<br \/>\nIntroduction to C++<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C++ Programming language was developed at AT &amp; T Bell laborotories by Bjarne Stroustrup.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C++ CHARACTER SET<\/strong><br \/>\nCharacter set is an asset of valid characters that a language can recognize. A character can represents any letter, digit, or any other sign. Following are some of the C++ character set.<br \/>\nLETTERS A to Z and a to z<br \/>\nDIGITS 0 &#8211; 9<br \/>\nSPECIAL SYMBOLS + -* A \\ [] {} = != &lt; &gt; . \u2018 \u2018 ; : &amp; #<br \/>\nWHITE SPACE Blankl space , horizontal tab (- &gt;), carriage return , Newline, Form feed.<br \/>\nOTHER CHARACTERS 256 ASCII characters as data or as literals.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>TOKENS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe smallest lexical unit in a program is known as token. A token can be any keyword, Identifier, Literals, Puncutators, Operators.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>KEYWORDS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThese are the reserved words used by the compiler. Following are some of the Keywords.<br \/>\nAuto continue float new signed volatile<br \/>\nshort long class struct else inline<br \/>\ndelete friend private typedef void template<br \/>\ncatch friend sizeof union register goto<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>IDENTIFIERS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nAn arbitrary name consisting of letters and digits to identify a particular word. C++ is case sensitive as nit treats upper and lower case letters differently. The first character must be a letter. The underscore counts as a letter<br \/>\nPen time580 s2e2r3 _dos _HJI3_JK<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>LITERALS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe data items which never change their value throughout the program run. There are several kind of literals:<br \/>\n\u2022 Integer constant<br \/>\n\u2022 Character constant<br \/>\n\u2022 Floating constant<br \/>\n\u2022 String constant.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Integer constant:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nInteger constant are whole numbers without any fractional part. An integer constant must have at least one digit and must not contain any decimal point. It may contain either + or _. A number with no sign is assumed as positive.<br \/>\ne.g 15, 1300, -58795.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Character Constant:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nA character constant is single character which is enclosed within single quotation marks.<br \/>\ne.g \u2018 A\u2019<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Floating constant:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nNumbers which are having the fractional part are referred as floating numbers or real constants, it may be a positive or negative number. A number with no sign is assumed to be a positive number.<br \/>\ne.g 2.0, 17.5, -0.00256<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>String Literals:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nIt is a sequence of letters surrounded by double quotes. E.g \u201cabc\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>PUNCTUATORS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe following characters are used as punctuators which are also know as separators in C++<br \/>\n[ ] { } ( ) , ; : * \u2026\u2026\u2026. = #<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"3\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Puntuator<\/td>\n<td>Name<\/td>\n<td>Function<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[]<\/td>\n<td>Brackets<\/td>\n<td>These indicates single and multidimensional array subscripts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>()<\/td>\n<td>Parenthesis<\/td>\n<td>These indicate function calls and function parameters.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>[ ]<\/td>\n<td>Braces<\/td>\n<td>Indicate the start and end of compound statements.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>;<\/td>\n<td>Semicolon<\/td>\n<td>This is a statement terminator.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>:<\/td>\n<td>Colon<\/td>\n<td>It indicates a labeled statement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>*<\/td>\n<td>Asterisk<\/td>\n<td>It is used as a pointer declaration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2026<\/td>\n<td>Ellipsis<\/td>\n<td>These are udes in the formal argument lists of unction prototype to indicate a variable number of arguments.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>=<\/td>\n<td>Equal to<\/td>\n<td>It is used as an assigning operator.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>#<\/td>\n<td>Pound sign<\/td>\n<td>This is used as preprocessor directives.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><u>OPERATORS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThese are those lexical units that trigger some computation when applied to variables and other objects in an expression. Following are some operators used in C++<br \/>\nUnary operators: Those which require only one operand to trigger, e.g. &amp; , + , ++ , &#8211; !. Binary operators: these require two operands to operate upon. Following are some ofthe Binary operators.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Arithmatic operators:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n+ Addition<br \/>\n_ substraction<br \/>\n* Multiplication<br \/>\n\/ Division<br \/>\n% Remainder.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Logical Operators:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n&amp;&amp; \u00a0&#8211; IogicaIAND \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 || \u00a0 &#8211; \u00a0 LogicaIOR \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ! \u00a0&#8211; \u00a0LogicalNOT<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Relational Operator:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n&lt; Iess than a&gt;<br \/>\nGreaterthan<br \/>\n&lt;= Less than equal to.<br \/>\n&gt;= greater than equal to.<br \/>\n== equal to.<br \/>\n!= not equal to.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Conditional operator:<\/u><\/strong> ?(question) : ( colon)<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Assignment Operator:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n= assignment operator<br \/>\n*= Assign Product.<br \/>\n\/= Assign quotient<br \/>\n%= assign Remainder<br \/>\n&amp;= Assign bitwise AND<br \/>\nA= Assign bitwise XOR.<br \/>\n|=Assign bitwise OR<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Conditional operator (?)<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe conditional operator evaluates an expression returning a value if that expression is true and a different one if the expression is evaluated as false. Its format is:<br \/>\ncondition? result1 : result2<br \/>\ne.g 7==5 ? 4 : 3 \/\/ returns 3, since 7 is not equal to 5.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Comma operator ( , )<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe comma operator (,) is used to separate two or more expressions that are included where only one expression is expected. When the set of expressions has to be evaluated for a value, only the right most expression is considered.<br \/>\nFor example, the following code:<br \/>\na = (b =3, b +2);<br \/>\nWould first assign the value 3 to b, and then assign b+2 to variable a. So, at the end, variable a would contain the value 5 while variable b would contain value 3.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Explicit type casting operator<\/strong><br \/>\nType casting operators allow you to convert a datatype\u00a0of a given variable\u00a0to another datatype. There are several ways to do this in C++. The simplest one, which has been inherited from the C language, is to precede the expression to be converted by the\u00a0new type enclosed between parentheses ( ):<br \/>\nint i;<br \/>\nfloat f =3014;<br \/>\ni = ( int ) f;<br \/>\nThe previous code converts the float number 3.14 to an integer value (3), the remainder is lost. Here, the typecasting operator was (int). Another way to do the same thing in C++ is using the functional notation: preceding the expression to be converted by the type and enclosing the expression between parentheses:<br \/>\ni = int (f );<br \/>\nBoth ways of type casting are valid in C++.<br \/>\n<strong>sizeof()<\/strong><br \/>\nThis operator accepts one parameter, which can be either a type or a variable itself and returns the size in bytes of that type or object:<br \/>\na= sizeof (char);<br \/>\nThis will assign the value 1 to a because char is a one-byte long type.<br \/>\nThe value returned by sizeof is a constant, so it is always determined before program execution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Input Output (I\/O) In C++<br \/>\n<u>The cout Object:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe cout object sends to the standard output device. cout sends all out put to the screen i.e monitor.<br \/>\nThe syntax of cout is as follows:<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt; data;.<br \/>\ne.g<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt; a; (here a can be any variable)<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>The cin operator:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe cin operator is used to get input from the keyboard. When a program reaches the line with cin, the user at the keyboard can enter values directly into variables.<br \/>\nThe syntax of cin is as follows:<br \/>\ncin&gt;&gt; variablename<br \/>\ne.g<br \/>\ncin&gt;&gt; ch; (here ch can be any variable)<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u2022 Basic structure of a C++ program:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nFollowing is the structure of a C++ program tht prints a string on the screen: #include&lt;iostream.h&gt;<\/p>\n<p>void main ()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt;\u201d Study material for Class XI\u201d;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nThe program produces following output:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Study material for Class XI<\/strong><br \/>\nThe above program includes the basic elements that every C++ program has. Let us check it line by line<br \/>\n#include&lt;iostream.h&gt;: This line includes the preprocessor directive include which includes the header file iostream in the program.<\/p>\n<p><strong>void main ()<\/strong>: this line is the start of compilation for this program. Every C++ programs compilation starts with the <strong>main (). void<\/strong> is the keyword used when the function has no return values.<br \/>\n{ : this is the start of the compound block of main ().<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt;\u201d Study material for class XI\u201d;: this statement prints the sequence of string <strong>\u201dStudy material for class XI\u201d<\/strong> into this output stream i..e on monitor.<br \/>\nEvery statement in the block will be terminated by a semicolon (;) which specifies compiler the end of statement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>COMMENTS in a C++ program.:<\/strong><br \/>\nComments are the line that compiler ignores to compile or execute. There are two types of comments in C++.<br \/>\n1. <strong>Single line comment<\/strong>: This type of comment deactivates only that line where comment is applied. Single line comments are applied with the help of \u201c \/\/\u201d . e.g \/\/ cout&lt;&lt;tomorrow is holiday\u00a0the above line is proceeding with \/\/ so compiler wont access this line.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>Multi line Comment<\/strong>: This Type of comment deactivates group of lines when applied. This type of comments are applied with the help of the operators \u201c\/*\u201d and \u201c*\/ \u201d. These comment mark with \/* and end up with *\/. This means every thing that falls between \/*and *\/ is considered even though it is spread across many lines.<br \/>\ne.g #include&lt;iostream.h&gt;<br \/>\nvoid main ()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt; \u201c hello world\u201d;<br \/>\n\/* this is the program to print hello world<br \/>\nFor demonstration of comments *\/<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nIn the above program the statements between \/* and *\/ will be ignored by the compiler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CASCADING OF OPERATOR:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen shift operators ( &lt;&lt; and &gt;&gt;) are used more than one time in a single statement then it is called as cascading of operators.<br \/>\n<strong>e.g cout&lt;&lt; roll&lt;&lt; age&lt;&lt; endl; <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>DATATYPES IN C++:<\/strong><br \/>\nA datatype is just an interpretation applied to a string of bytes. Data in C++ are of two types:<br \/>\n1.Simple \/Fundamental datatypes .<br \/>\n2.Structured\/Derived datatypes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Simple \/Fundamental data types:<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen programming, we store the variables in our computer&#8217;s memory, but the computer has to know what kind of data we want to store in them, since it is not going to occupy the same amount of memory to store a simple number than to store a single letter or a large number, and they are not going to be interpreted the same way.<br \/>\nThe memory in our computers is organized in bytes. A byte is the minimum amount of memory that we can manage in C++. A byte can store a relatively small amount of data: one single character or a small integer (generally an integer between 0 and 255). In addition, the computer can manipulate more complex data types that come from grouping several bytes, such as long numbers or non-integer numbers.<br \/>\nNext you have a summary of the basic fundamental data types in C++, as well as the range of values that can be represented with each one:<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"03\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Name<\/td>\n<td>Description<\/td>\n<td>Size<\/td>\n<td>Range<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Char<\/td>\n<td>Character or small integer.<\/td>\n<td>1byte<\/td>\n<td>signed: -128 to 127 unsigned: 0 to 255<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>short int (short)<\/td>\n<td>Short Integer.<\/td>\n<td>2bytes<\/td>\n<td>signed: -32768 to 32767 unsigned: 0 to 65535<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Int<\/td>\n<td>Integer.<\/td>\n<td>4bytes<\/td>\n<td>signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned: 0 to 4294967295<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>long int (long)<\/td>\n<td>Long integer.<\/td>\n<td>4bytes<\/td>\n<td>signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647<\/p>\n<p>unsigned: 0 to 4294967295<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Float<\/td>\n<td>Floating point number.<\/td>\n<td>4bytes<\/td>\n<td>+\/- 3.4e +\/- 38 (~7 digits)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Double<\/td>\n<td>Double precision floating point number.<\/td>\n<td>8bytes<\/td>\n<td>+\/- 1.7e +\/- 308 (~15 digits)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>long double<\/td>\n<td>Long double precision floating point number.<\/td>\n<td>8bytes<\/td>\n<td>+\/- 1.7e +\/- 308 (~15 digits)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><u>Derived Data type:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe datatypes which are extracted \/ derived from fundamental data types are called derived datatypes. These datatypes can be derived by using the declaration operator or punctuators for e.g Arrays, function, Pointer, Class, Structure, union etc.<br \/>\n<strong>Class:<\/strong> A class represents a group of similar objects. To represent class in C++ it offers a user defined datatypes called CLASS. Once a Class has been defined in C++, Object belonging to that class can easily be created. A Class bears the same relationship to an object that a type does to a variable.<br \/>\nSyntax of CLASS:<br \/>\nclass class_name<br \/>\n{<br \/>\n<strong>Private:<\/strong><br \/>\nData members 1<br \/>\n\u201c<br \/>\nData members n<br \/>\nMember functions 1<br \/>\n\u201c<br \/>\nMember functions n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Public:<\/strong><br \/>\nData members 1<br \/>\n\u201c<br \/>\nData members n<br \/>\nMember functions 1<br \/>\n\u201c<br \/>\nMember functions n<br \/>\n};\/\/end of class<br \/>\nClass name object of Class; \/\/ creating an object of class. Private and Public are the access specifiers to the class.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>STRUCTURE:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nA Structure is a collection of variables of different data types referenced under one name .It also may have same data types. The access to structure variables is by default global i.e they can be accessed publicly throughout the program.<br \/>\nSyntax of structure.<br \/>\nstruct structure_name<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nStructure variable 1;<br \/>\nStructure variable n;<br \/>\n}; \/\/ end of structure<\/p>\n<p><strong>Structure_name structure object<\/strong> \/\/ creating object variable of structure.<br \/>\ne.g<br \/>\nstruct student<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nint roll;<br \/>\nfloat marks;<br \/>\n};<\/p>\n<p><strong>Student s;<\/strong><br \/>\nAccess to structure variables<br \/>\nStructure variable can be accessed by their objects only as shown below structure object_name. <strong>structure object_name. variable<\/strong><br \/>\ne.g<\/p>\n<p><strong>student . roll<\/strong><br \/>\nhere student is the structure and roll is the member of the structure.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>UNION:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nA memory location shared between two different variables of different datatypes at different times is know as Union. Defining union is similar as defining the structure.<br \/>\nSyntax of Union:<\/p>\n<p><strong>union show<\/strong><br \/>\n{<br \/>\nint I;<br \/>\nchar ch;<br \/>\n};<\/p>\n<p><strong>Union show obj;<\/strong><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" id=\"Picture 1\" src=\"https:\/\/media-mycbseguide.s3.amazonaws.com\/images\/static\/revise\/11\/computer\/ch2\/image001.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>References:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nA reference is an alternative name for an object. A reference variable provides an alias for a previously defined variable. A reference declaration consists of base type, an &amp; (ampersand), a reference variable name equated to a variable name .the general syntax form of declaring a reference variable is as follows.<br \/>\nType &amp; ref_variable = variable_name;<br \/>\nWhere is type is any valid C++ datatype, ref_variable is the name of reference variable that will point to variable denoted by variable_name.<br \/>\ne.g int a= 10;<br \/>\nint &amp;b= a;<br \/>\nthen the values of a is 10 and the value of b is also 10;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Constant:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThe keyword const can be added to the declaration of an object to make that object constant rather than a variable. Thus the value named constant can not be altered during the program run.<br \/>\nSyntax:-<\/p>\n<p><strong>const type name=value;<\/strong><br \/>\nExample:-<br \/>\nconst int uage=50; \/\/ it declares a constant named as uage of type integer that holds value<br \/>\n50.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Preprocessor Directives:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>#include<\/strong> is the preprocessor directive used in C++ programs. This statement tells the compiler to include the specified file into the program. This line is compiled by the processor before the compilation of the program.<br \/>\ne.g #include&lt;iostream.h&gt; the above line include the header file iostream into the program for the smooth running of the program.<\/p>\n<p><u>Compilation and Linking<\/u><br \/>\n<strong>Compilation<\/strong> refers to the processing of source code files (.c, .cc, or .cpp) and the creation of an &#8216;object&#8217; file. This step doesn&#8217;t create anything the user can actually run. Instead, the compiler merely produces the machine language instructions that correspond to the source code file that was compiled. For instance, if you compile (but don&#8217;t link) three separate files, you will have three object files created as output, each with the name &lt;filename&gt;.o or &lt;filename&gt;.obj (the extension will depend on your compiler). Each of these files contains a translation of your source code file into a machine language file &#8212; but you can&#8217;t run them yet! You need to turn them into executables your operating system can use. That&#8217;s where the linker comes in.<br \/>\n<strong>Linking<\/strong> refers to the creation of a single executable file from multiple object files. In this step, it is common that the linker will complain about undefined functions (commonly, main itself). During compilation, if the compiler could not find the definition for a particular function, it would just assume that the function was defined in another file. If this isn&#8217;t the case, there&#8217;s no way the compiler would know &#8212; it doesn&#8217;t look at the contents of more than one file at a time. The linker, on the other hand, may look at multiple files and try to find references for the functions that weren&#8217;t mentioned.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>ERRORS:<\/u><\/strong><br \/>\nThere are many types of error that are encountered during the program run. following are some of them:<br \/>\n1. <strong>Compiler error<\/strong>.: The errors encountered during the compilation process are called Compiler error. Compiler error are of two types<br \/>\n\u2022 Syntax error.<br \/>\n\u2022 Semantic error.<br \/>\n<strong><u>Syntax Error<\/u><\/strong>: Syntax error is the one which appears when we commit any grammatical mistakes. These are the common error and can be easily corrected. These are produced when we translate the source code from high level language to machine language.<br \/>\ne.g <strong>cot&lt;&lt;endl;<\/strong> This line will produce a syntax error as there is a grammatical mistake in the word cout<br \/>\n<strong><u>Semantic error<\/u><\/strong>: These errors appear when the statement written has no meaning. e.g <strong>a + b =c<\/strong>; this will result a semantically error as an expression should come on the right hand side of and assignment statement.<\/p>\n<p>2. <strong>Linker Errors:<\/strong> Errors appear during linking process e.g if the word main written as mian . The program will compile correctly but when link it the linking window will display errors instead of success.<\/p>\n<p>3. <strong>Run Time error:<\/strong> An abnormal program termination during execution is known as Run time Error.<br \/>\ne.g. If we are writing a statement X = (A + B) \/C;<br \/>\nthe above statement is grammatically correct and also produces correct result. But what happen if we gave value 0 to the variable c, this statement will attempt a division by 0 which will result in illegal program termination. Error will not be found until the program will be executed because of that it is termed as run time error.<\/p>\n<p>4.<strong> Logical Error.: <\/strong>A logical error is simply an incorrect translation of either the problem\u00a0statement or the algorithm.<br \/>\ne.g: root1 = -b + sqrt(b * b -4*a*c) \/ (2 *a)<br \/>\nthe above statement is syntactically correct but will not produce the correct answer because the division have a higher priority than the addition, so in the above statement division is performed first, then addition is performed but in actual practice to do addition performed then divide the resultant value by (2* a).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Manipulators:<\/strong><br \/>\nManipulators are the operators used with the insertion operator &lt;&lt; to modify or manipulate the way data is displayed. There are two types of manipulators endl and setw.<br \/>\n1. <strong>The endl manipulator:<\/strong> The endl manipulator outputs new line. It takes the compiler to end the line of display.<br \/>\ncout &lt;&lt; &#8221; Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan&#8221;&lt;&lt;endl; cout&lt;&lt; &#8221; Human Resource and Development&#8221;;<br \/>\nThe output of the above code will be<br \/>\nKendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Human Resource and development<br \/>\n2. <strong>The Setw Manipulator:<\/strong> The setw manipulator causes the number (or string) that follows it in the stream to be printed within a field n characters wide where n is the arguments to setw (n).<br \/>\n<strong>Increment and Decrement Operators in C++:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe increase operator (++) and the decrease operator (&#8211;) increase or reduce by one the value stored in a variable. They are equivalent to +=1 and to -=1, respectively. Thus:<br \/>\nC++<br \/>\nC +=1;<br \/>\nC=C+1;<br \/>\nare all equivalent in its functionality: the three of them increase by one the value of C.<br \/>\nA characteristic of this operator is that it can be used both as a prefix and as a suffix. That means that it can be written either before the variable identifier (++a) or after it (a++). Although in simple expressions like a++ or ++both have exactly the same meaning, in other expressions in which the result of the increase or decrease operation is evaluated as a value in an outer expression they may have an important difference in their meaning:<br \/>\nIn the case that the increase operator is used as a prefix (++a) the value is increased before the result of the expression is evaluated and therefore the increased value is considered in the outer expression;<br \/>\nExample 1<br \/>\nB=3;<br \/>\nA =++B; \/\/ (here A contains 4, B contains 4).<br \/>\nIn case that it is used as a suffix (a++) the value stored in a is increased after being evaluated and therefore the value stored before the increase operation is evaluated in the outer expression.<\/p>\n<p>Example 2<br \/>\nB=3;<br \/>\nA=B++; \/\/ (here a contains 3, B contains 4).<br \/>\nIn Example 1, B is increased before its value is copied to A. While in Example 2, the value of B is copied to A and then B is increased.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Practice Session:<\/u><br \/>\n1. What is the name of the function that should be present in all c++ program?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> main()<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. What are C++ comments?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> comments are internal documentation of a program which helps the program for many purposes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. What is indentation of a program?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> It is the systematic way of writing the program which makes it very clear and readable.<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. What is #include directives?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> it instructs the compiler to include the contents of the file enclosed within the brackets into the source file.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. What is role of main() in c++ program?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> This is the first line that a C++ compiler executes. Program starts and end in this function.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. What is a header file?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> Header file provide the declaration and prototypes for various token in a program.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. What is the purpose of comments and indentation?<br \/>\nAns. <\/strong>the Main purpose of comments and indentation is to make program more readable\u00a0and understandable.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8. What are console input \/output functions?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> Console I\/O functions are cout and cin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>9. Write an appropriate statement for each of the following:<br \/>\n1. Write the values for a&amp;b in one unseperated by blanks and value of after two blanks lines.<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> cout&lt;&lt;a&lt;&lt;b&lt;&lt;endl&lt;&lt;endl&lt;&lt;c;<br \/>\n<strong>2. Read the values for a,b and c.<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> cin&gt;&gt;a&gt;&gt;b&gt;&gt;c;<br \/>\n<strong>3. Write the values for a and b in one line, followed by value of c after two balnk lines.<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> cout&lt;a&lt;&lt;b&lt;&lt;\u2019\\n\\n\u2019&lt;&lt;c;<\/p>\n<p><strong>10. What type of errors occurs while programming?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> There are three types of errors generally occur are:<br \/>\n1. Syntax error<br \/>\n2.Semantic error<br \/>\n3. Type error.<\/p>\n<p><strong>11. How \u2018\/\u2019 operator is different from \u2018%\u2019 operator?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> \u2018\/\u2019 operator is used to find the quotient whereas % operator is used to find the remainder.<\/p>\n<p><strong>12. Which type of operator is used to compare the values of operands?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> Relational operators.<\/p>\n<p><strong>13. How will you alter the order of evaluation of operator?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> We can use parentheses to alter the order of evaluation of an equation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>14. What is the unary operator? Write 2 unary operator.<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> The operator which needs only one operand is called as unary operator. The \u2018++\u2019 (increment) and \u2018 \u2019(decrement) operators.<\/p>\n<p><strong>15. What is output operator and input operator?<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> The output operator (\u201c&lt;&lt;\u201d) is used to direct a value to standard output. The input operator (\u201c&gt;&gt;\u201d) is used to read a value from standard input.<\/p>\n<p><strong>16. What will be the output of following code:<br \/>\nvoid main()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nint j=5;<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt;++j&lt;&lt;j++&lt;&lt;j; \/\/ in cascading processing starts from right to left }<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> 7 5 5<\/p>\n<p><strong>17. What will be the output of following code: void main()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nint j=5;<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt;++j + j++ +j++; \/\/ values will be: 6 6 7 (From left to right)<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong> 19<\/p>\n<p><strong>18. What will be the output of following code: void main()<br \/>\n{<br \/>\nint a=5, k;<br \/>\nk= a++ +a+ ++a;<br \/>\ncout&lt;&lt;k;<br \/>\n}<br \/>\nAns.<\/strong>\u00a018(Because in evaluation of expression first of all prefix are evaluated, then it\u2019s value is assigned to all occurrences of variable)<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_to_CPP_class_11_Notes\"><\/span>Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes (PDF Download) Free<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes for Class 11 Computer Science PDF<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revision notes Class 11 Computer Science \u2013 CBSE<\/li>\n<li>CBSE Revisions notes and Key Points Class 11 Computer Science<\/li>\n<li>Summary of the NCERT books all chapters in Computer Science class 11<\/li>\n<li>Short notes for CBSE class 11th Computer Science<\/li>\n<li>Key notes and chapter summary of Computer Science class 11<\/li>\n<li>Quick revision notes for CBSE exams<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"CBSE_Class-11_Revision_Notes_and_Key_Points\"><\/span><strong>CBSE Class-11 Revision Notes and Key Points<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science.CBSE quick revision note for class-11 Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-physics\/1340\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Physics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-chemistry\/1356\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-mathematics\/1371\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-biology\/1388\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Biology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-accountancy\/1411\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Accountancy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-economics\/1423\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Economics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-business-studies\/1740\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Business Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-computer-science\/1852\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-informatics-practices\/1874\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Informatics Practices<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/downloads\/cbse-class-11-geography\/1864\/cbse-revision-notes\/7\/\">Revision Notes for class-11 Geography<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To download\u00a0 Introduction to C++ class 11 Notes, sample paper for class 11 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. myCBSEguide provides sample papers with solution, test papers for chapter-wise practice, NCERT solutions, NCERT Exemplar solutions, quick revision notes for ready reference, CBSE guess papers and CBSE important question papers. Sample Paper all are made available through\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=in.techchefs.MyCBSEGuide&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Dmycbse_bottom%26utm_medium%3Dtext%26utm_campaign%3Dmycbseads\"><strong>the best app for CBSE students<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0and myCBSEguide website.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/computer-fundamentals-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Computer Fundamentals class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/using-c-constructs-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Using CPP constructs class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/functions-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Functions in CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/arrays-and-structures-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Arrays and Structures class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/programming-methodology-class-11-notes-computer-science-2\/\">Programming Methodology class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/programming-c-p-p-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\">Programming in C P P class 11 Notes Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CBSE Computer Science Chapter 2 Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides \u00a0Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. &#8230; <a title=\"Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/mycbseguide.com\/blog\/introduction-to-cpp-class-11-notes-computer-science\/\" aria-label=\"More on Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47,456],"tags":[457,150,326,797,426,240],"class_list":["post-10012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cbse-class-11","category-revision-notes","tag-cbse-notes","tag-cbse-notes-and-key-points","tag-computer-science","tag-introduction-to-c","tag-quick-revision","tag-quick-revision-notes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Introduction to CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science | myCBSEguide<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Introduction To CPP class 11 Notes Computer Science Chapter 2 in PDF format for free download. 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